{"title":"Cognitive \u0026 Nootropic Research","description":"\u003ch2 id=\"tinymce_scroll_sign\"\u003eComprehensive Guide to Buy Nootropic Supplements UK\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eUnderstanding Nootropic Supplements\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIf you want to buy nootropic supplements UK, it’s essential to understand what these products are and how they work. Nootropics are natural or synthetic substances designed to improve cognitive functions such as memory, focus, and mental clarity. Research shows that these supplements support brain health by enhancing neurotransmitter activity and protecting neural pathways, making them popular among students, professionals, and older adults alike. Choosing quality nootropics in the UK ensures you get safe and effective products, tailored to boost cognitive performance naturally.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eTop Benefits of Using Nootropic Supplements\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhen you buy nootropic supplements UK, you gain access to a range of benefits beyond simple mental enhancement. These supplements can reduce brain fog, increase alertness, and improve memory retention. Scientific studies suggest that regular use promotes long-term brain health by supporting neuroplasticity and reducing oxidative stress. This makes nootropics valuable for those facing daily cognitive demands or wanting to maintain sharpness as they age. Ultimately, understanding these advantages helps consumers make informed choices when selecting nootropic products in the UK.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eTips for Choosing Reliable Nootropic Brands in the UK\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo successfully buy nootropic supplements UK, focus on reputable brands with transparent ingredient lists and positive user reviews. Look for certifications and clinical research backing the product formulas. Trusted suppliers often provide clear dosage instructions and customer support to ensure safe use. Shopping from official UK retailers or verified online stores reduces risks associated with counterfeit or low-quality items. By prioritizing quality and safety, you can confidently select nootropics that meet your cognitive health goals without compromise.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e","products":[{"product_id":"bacteriostatic-water-bac-water","title":"Bacteriostatic Water (BAC Water)","description":"\u003ch3 class=\"text-text-100 mt-2 -mb-1 text-base font-bold\"\u003eBacteriostatic Water | BAC Water | Sterile Peptide Reconstitution Solution | Research Grade\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eComposition:\u003c\/strong\u003e Sterile water for injection + 0.9% benzyl alcohol (9 mg\/mL) \u003cstrong\u003eGrade:\u003c\/strong\u003e Research grade — sterile, pyrogen-free \u003cstrong\u003ePreservative:\u003c\/strong\u003e Benzyl alcohol 0.9% (v\/v) \u003cstrong\u003epH:\u003c\/strong\u003e 4.5–7.0 \u003cstrong\u003eAppearance:\u003c\/strong\u003e Clear, colourless solution \u003cstrong\u003ePackaging:\u003c\/strong\u003e Sealed multi-dose vials \u003cstrong\u003eStorage:\u003c\/strong\u003e Room temperature (15–25°C), away from light; refrigerate after opening\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003chr class=\"border-border-200 border-t-0.5 my-3 mx-1.5\"\u003e\n\u003ch3 class=\"text-text-100 mt-2 -mb-1 text-base font-bold\"\u003eWhat Is Bacteriostatic Water?\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003eBacteriostatic water (BAC water) is a preparation of sterile water for injection containing 0.9% benzyl alcohol (9 mg\/mL) as a preservative. The term \"bacteriostatic\" refers to the benzyl alcohol component — a broad-spectrum antimicrobial agent that inhibits bacterial growth and multiplication within the vial, without necessarily killing bacteria outright. This preservative action allows BAC water to remain safely usable across multiple withdrawals over an extended period — a critical property that distinguishes it from standard sterile water for injection, which is intended for single-use only and carries no microbial protection after the vial seal is first broken.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003eBAC water is the standard reconstitution vehicle for a wide range of lyophilised research peptides, proteins, and biological compounds — including human growth hormone (HGH), GHRFs, GHRPs, and most synthetic research peptides. It is used wherever a multi-dose reconstitution protocol is required, and where peptide or protein stability across multiple draw-down events must be maintained without microbial contamination risk.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003eOur bacteriostatic water is manufactured to research grade: sterile, pyrogen-free, and packaged in sealed multi-dose vials with halogenated butyl stoppers compatible with standard research syringes and needle gauges.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003chr class=\"border-border-200 border-t-0.5 my-3 mx-1.5\"\u003e\n\u003ch3 class=\"text-text-100 mt-2 -mb-1 text-base font-bold\"\u003eWhy BAC Water Matters for Peptide Research\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003eThe choice of reconstitution vehicle is one of the most practically consequential decisions in peptide research — and one that is frequently underestimated. Using an inappropriate reconstitution solution can compromise peptide stability, alter solubility, affect experimental reproducibility, and — in the case of multi-dose vials — introduce microbial contamination that invalidates results and degrades the compound.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003eBacteriostatic water addresses these concerns by providing a chemically inert, pH-appropriate, sterile environment with sustained antimicrobial protection across repeated vial access events. For researchers working with lyophilised peptides that require reconstitution before use — including every compound in our research catalogue — BAC water is the most broadly appropriate and widely used reconstitution vehicle in the scientific literature.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompatibility with our catalogue:\u003c\/strong\u003e BAC water is the recommended reconstitution vehicle for HGH (somatotropin), tesamorelin, BPC-157, TB-500, MOTS-c, Selank, and the majority of other lyophilised research peptides. GHK-Cu is optimally reconstituted in sterile water or PBS, and 5-Amino-1MQ may require DMSO for certain protocols — but for the majority of peptide reconstitution applications, BAC water is the first-choice solution.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003chr class=\"border-border-200 border-t-0.5 my-3 mx-1.5\"\u003e\n\u003ch3 class=\"text-text-100 mt-2 -mb-1 text-base font-bold\"\u003eComposition \u0026amp; Technical Specifications\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhy 0.9% benzyl alcohol?\u003c\/strong\u003e Benzyl alcohol has been used as an antimicrobial preservative in injectable preparations since the 1920s. At 0.9% concentration, it provides effective bacteriostatic activity against a broad spectrum of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria — the most likely contaminants in a multi-access vial environment — while remaining chemically compatible with the widest range of peptides, proteins, and hormones used in research. Higher benzyl alcohol concentrations can begin to affect protein folding and stability; 0.9% represents the established standard for balancing preservation efficacy with compound compatibility.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhy not sterile water for injection?\u003c\/strong\u003e Standard sterile water for injection (SWFI) contains no preservative and is intended for single-use only. Once the seal is broken and the vial accessed, SWFI provides no protection against bacterial contamination from subsequent needle insertions. For researchers who routinely draw multiple aliquots from a single reconstituted vial over days or weeks — as is standard practice with peptide research compounds — SWFI is inappropriate and significantly increases the risk of microbial contamination that will degrade the compound and compromise experimental results.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhy not saline or PBS?\u003c\/strong\u003e Normal saline (0.9% sodium chloride) and phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) are appropriate for some peptide reconstitution applications but carry important caveats. Saline can reduce the solubility of certain peptides and proteins and provides no preservative action in multi-dose vials. PBS introduces phosphate and salt ions that can interact with some peptides and alter their behaviour in downstream assays. For most lyophilised research peptide applications, BAC water provides a cleaner, more universally compatible, and more practically convenient reconstitution vehicle.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003chr class=\"border-border-200 border-t-0.5 my-3 mx-1.5\"\u003e\n\u003ch3 class=\"text-text-100 mt-2 -mb-1 text-base font-bold\"\u003eBAC Water and Peptide Stability\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003eProper reconstitution practice is as important as purity when it comes to preserving the integrity and research utility of lyophilised peptides. The following principles apply to reconstitution with BAC water across the research peptide catalogue:\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTechnique:\u003c\/strong\u003e Always inject BAC water slowly against the side of the vial — never directly onto the lyophilised powder, which can mechanically disrupt peptide structure. Swirl gently until dissolved; do not shake or vortex.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTemperature:\u003c\/strong\u003e Allow the lyophilised vial to reach room temperature before reconstitution. Cold powder reconstituted with room-temperature water can produce localised concentration gradients that slow dissolution.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStorage after reconstitution:\u003c\/strong\u003e Reconstituted peptides in BAC water should be stored at 2–8°C (refrigerated). The benzyl alcohol preservative protects against microbial growth but does not prevent peptide degradation from heat or light exposure. Reconstituted solutions should be used within the timeframes recommended for each specific compound — typically 28 days for HGH and tesamorelin, and up to 30 days for shorter synthetic peptides, though this varies by compound.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFreeze-thaw:\u003c\/strong\u003e Reconstituted peptide solutions in BAC water should not be re-frozen unless the specific compound's data sheet indicates this is acceptable. For long-term storage, lyophilise in advance of reconstitution or aliquot before the first freeze-thaw cycle.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003chr class=\"border-border-200 border-t-0.5 my-3 mx-1.5\"\u003e\n\u003ch3 class=\"text-text-100 mt-2 -mb-1 text-base font-bold\"\u003eProduct Specifications\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"overflow-x-auto w-full px-2 mb-6\"\u003e\n\u003ctable class=\"min-w-full border-collapse text-sm leading-[1.7] whitespace-normal\"\u003e\n\u003cthead class=\"text-left\"\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth scope=\"col\" class=\"text-text-100 border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/60 py-2 pr-4 align-top font-bold\"\u003eSpecification\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003cth scope=\"col\" class=\"text-text-100 border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/60 py-2 pr-4 align-top font-bold\"\u003eDetail\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\"\u003eComposition\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\"\u003eWater for injection + 0.9% benzyl alcohol (9 mg\/mL)\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\"\u003eGrade\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\"\u003eResearch grade — sterile, pyrogen-free\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\"\u003ePreservative\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\"\u003eBenzyl alcohol 0.9% (v\/v)\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\"\u003epH\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\"\u003e4.5–7.0\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\"\u003eOsmolality\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\"\u003e~9 mOsm\/kg (hypotonic)\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\"\u003eAppearance\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\"\u003eClear, colourless solution\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\"\u003ePackaging\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\"\u003eSealed multi-dose vials with halogenated butyl stopper\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\"\u003eStorage\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\"\u003eRoom temperature (15–25°C), away from light; refrigerate after opening\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\"\u003eShelf Life\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\"\u003eAs labelled on vial; discard 28 days after first opening\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003chr class=\"border-border-200 border-t-0.5 my-3 mx-1.5\"\u003e\n\u003ch3 class=\"text-text-100 mt-2 -mb-1 text-base font-bold\"\u003eQuality \u0026amp; Purity Assurance\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003eOur bacteriostatic water is manufactured to research-grade standards:\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul class=\"[li_\u0026amp;]:mb-0 [li_\u0026amp;]:mt-1 [li_\u0026amp;]:gap-1 [\u0026amp;:not(:last-child)_ul]:pb-1 [\u0026amp;:not(:last-child)_ol]:pb-1 list-disc flex flex-col gap-1 pl-8 mb-3\"\u003e\n\u003cli class=\"font-claude-response-body whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eSterility Testing\u003c\/strong\u003e — confirmed sterile, free from viable microorganisms\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli class=\"font-claude-response-body whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003ePyrogen \/ Endotoxin Testing\u003c\/strong\u003e — confirmed pyrogen-free by LAL (Limulus Amebocyte Lysate) assay\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli class=\"font-claude-response-body whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eBenzyl Alcohol Content\u003c\/strong\u003e — verified at 0.9% (9 mg\/mL) by validated assay\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli class=\"font-claude-response-body whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003epH Verification\u003c\/strong\u003e — confirmed within the 4.5–7.0 range\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli class=\"font-claude-response-body whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eParticulate Matter Testing\u003c\/strong\u003e — confirmed free from visible particulates\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli class=\"font-claude-response-body whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eCertificate of Analysis (CoA)\u003c\/strong\u003e — available upon request\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003chr class=\"border-border-200 border-t-0.5 my-3 mx-1.5\"\u003e\n\u003ch3 class=\"text-text-100 mt-2 -mb-1 text-base font-bold\"\u003eEssential Accessory for Every Peptide Researcher\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003eBAC water is a consumable that every serious research peptide laboratory requires. We recommend maintaining an adequate supply to support your full research protocol — running out mid-study and substituting an alternative reconstitution vehicle can introduce a variable that undermines experimental comparability. Given the investment represented by high-purity research peptides, using a matched, research-grade reconstitution solution is a straightforward way to protect that investment and maintain the integrity of your experimental data.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003eIf you are purchasing any lyophilised peptide from our catalogue — whether BPC-157, TB-500, GHK-Cu, MOTS-c, Selank, tesamorelin, HGH, retatrutide, or any other compound — we recommend including bacteriostatic water in your order.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003chr class=\"border-border-200 border-t-0.5 my-3 mx-1.5\"\u003e\n\u003ch3 class=\"text-text-100 mt-2 -mb-1 text-base font-bold\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(255, 42, 0);\"\u003eImportant Notice\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(255, 42, 0);\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThis product is intended strictly for research and laboratory use only. Bacteriostatic water containing benzyl alcohol is not approved for use in neonates or premature infants, in whom benzyl alcohol toxicity has been documented at high doses. This product must not be self-administered or used outside of appropriately supervised research or clinical contexts. By purchasing this product, the buyer confirms they are a qualified researcher and will use it solely for lawful scientific research purposes.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"NEXYRALAB","offers":[{"title":"10ml","offer_id":59643105149262,"sku":null,"price":7.99,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1035\/3351\/0990\/files\/hf_20260512_165507_cb36c0a9-b827-4e01-bba7-05b9129f574b.png?v=1779451016"},{"product_id":"kpv","title":"KPV","description":"\u003ch3 class=\"text-text-100 mt-2 -mb-1 text-base font-bold\"\u003eKPV | Lys-Pro-Val | α-MSH C-Terminal Tripeptide | Anti-Inflammatory Research Peptide\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSequence:\u003c\/strong\u003e Lys-Pro-Val (KPV) \u003cstrong\u003eClassification:\u003c\/strong\u003e Naturally occurring anti-inflammatory tripeptide — C-terminal fragment of alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH) \u003cstrong\u003eParent Molecule:\u003c\/strong\u003e α-Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone (α-MSH; positions 11–13) \u003cstrong\u003eMolecular Formula:\u003c\/strong\u003e C₁₄H₂₇N₃O₄ \u003cstrong\u003eMolecular Weight:\u003c\/strong\u003e 301.38 g\/mol \u003cstrong\u003ePurity:\u003c\/strong\u003e \u0026gt;99% (HPLC verified) \u003cstrong\u003eForm:\u003c\/strong\u003e Lyophilised powder \u003cstrong\u003eAvailable Sizes:\u003c\/strong\u003e 5mg | 10mg \u003cstrong\u003eStorage:\u003c\/strong\u003e –20°C, away from light and moisture \u003cstrong\u003eCAS Number:\u003c\/strong\u003e 63547-13-7\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003chr class=\"border-border-200 border-t-0.5 my-3 mx-1.5\"\u003e\n\u003ch3 class=\"text-text-100 mt-2 -mb-1 text-base font-bold\"\u003eWhat Is KPV?\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003eKPV (Lys-Pro-Val) is a naturally occurring anti-inflammatory tripeptide corresponding to positions 11–13 of alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH) — a 13-amino acid neuropeptide derived from pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) with well-established roles in pigmentation, energy balance, and immune regulation. KPV represents the minimal bioactive anti-inflammatory sequence of α-MSH: the C-terminal tripeptide that retains the immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory activity of the parent molecule while shedding its broader hormonal effects — including melanocortin-mediated pigmentation signalling and adrenal axis activity.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003eThe discovery of KPV's anti-inflammatory properties emerged from systematic structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies of α-MSH conducted in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Researchers seeking to identify the minimal active sequence responsible for α-MSH's immunomodulatory activity progressively truncated the parent molecule and assessed the retained potency of each fragment. The finding that the C-terminal tripeptide Lys-Pro-Val retained potent anti-inflammatory activity — comparable to or approaching that of the full α-MSH tridecapeptide in some experimental models — was a landmark result in the melanocortin research field. It established that a three-amino-acid sequence could recapitulate the core anti-inflammatory function of a thirteen-amino-acid parent hormone, and opened a new avenue of research into ultra-small bioactive peptides as tools for studying inflammatory signalling pathways.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003eDespite its minimal size, KPV is an unusually stable research compound. Its tripeptide structure confers inherent resistance to proteolytic degradation compared to larger peptides, and its molecular weight of just 301.38 g\/mol gives it pharmacokinetic and membrane-permeability properties distinct from most research peptides — including the ability to penetrate cellular membranes and act on intracellular inflammatory signalling targets directly. Crucially, research has also identified a specific active transporter mechanism for KPV in intestinal tissue: the PepT1 di\/tripeptide transporter — normally expressed in the small intestine and markedly upregulated in inflamed colonic tissue during inflammatory bowel disease — actively transports KPV into intestinal epithelial and immune cells, providing a disease-directed tissue uptake mechanism of considerable research interest in gastrointestinal inflammatory biology.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003eOur KPV is synthesised under rigorous quality-controlled manufacturing conditions, verified to a purity of greater than 99% by HPLC and Mass Spectrometry, and supplied as a lyophilised powder for maximum stability.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003chr class=\"border-border-200 border-t-0.5 my-3 mx-1.5\"\u003e\n\u003ch3 class=\"text-text-100 mt-2 -mb-1 text-base font-bold\"\u003eResearch Background \u0026amp; Scientific Interest\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003eKPV has been investigated in over fifty peer-reviewed publications spanning more than two decades, with research covering gastrointestinal inflammatory biology, dermatological science, wound healing, mucosal barrier research, and systemic anti-inflammatory pharmacology. Its combination of minimal molecular size, endogenous origin, metabolic stability, and mechanistically distinct intracellular anti-inflammatory activity makes it one of the most tractable and pharmacologically interesting ultra-small peptides in the research landscape.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMechanism of Action: MC1R\/MC3R Agonism, NF-κB \u0026amp; MAPK Inhibition\u003c\/strong\u003e KPV's anti-inflammatory mechanism operates through two distinct but complementary pathways. The first is melanocortin receptor engagement — primarily at MC1R and MC3R, which are expressed on immune cells, intestinal epithelial cells, dermal fibroblasts, and multiple other tissue types involved in inflammatory responses. Activation of these receptors suppresses downstream pro-inflammatory signalling cascades, most notably NF-κB (nuclear factor kappa B) — the master transcription factor controlling expression of inflammatory cytokines including TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8 — and the MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) pathway, which regulates cellular stress responses and inflammatory gene expression.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003eHowever, a critical distinction in KPV's mechanism was established by Getting and colleagues in a landmark study examining KPV alongside other melanocortin peptides in a model of crystal-induced peritonitis. While KPV produced significant reduction in polymorphonuclear leukocyte accumulation in the peritoneal cavity — demonstrating meaningful anti-inflammatory activity in vivo — its anti-inflammatory effect was not blocked by the MC3\/4-R antagonist SHU9119, and KPV failed to stimulate cAMP accumulation in macrophages (in contrast to the MC3\/4-R agonist MTII). These findings indicate that KPV's anti-inflammatory activity is not fully explained by classical melanocortin receptor–cAMP signalling, and that additional — possibly receptor-independent or intracellular — mechanisms are operative. This partial mechanistic independence from canonical melanocortin receptor signalling is a defining pharmacological feature of KPV that distinguishes it from full-length α-MSH and has sustained mechanistic investigation into its precise intracellular targets.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePepT1-Mediated Intestinal Uptake \u0026amp; Gastrointestinal Research\u003c\/strong\u003e One of the most significant mechanistic findings in KPV research was published in Gastroenterology: the demonstration that KPV's anti-inflammatory effects in intestinal tissue are mediated, at least in part, through active cellular uptake via the PepT1 di\/tripeptide transporter. PepT1 is normally expressed in the small intestine, where it facilitates absorption of dietary di- and tripeptides. Critically, PepT1 expression is markedly upregulated in inflamed colonic tissue during inflammatory bowel disease — a pattern that creates a disease-specific transport mechanism for KPV in the very tissue where it is most needed as a research tool.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003eStudies in human intestinal epithelial cell lines (Caco2-BBE and HT29-Cl.19A) and human T cells (Jurkat) demonstrated that KPV — administered at both low (10 nmol\/L) and high doses (100 μmol\/L) — inhibited IL-1β-induced IκB-α degradation in intestinal epithelial cells, suppressing NF-κB activation independently of melanocortin receptor activity. Importantly, α-MSH at the same doses did not significantly alter the kinetics of this response — confirming that the PepT1-mediated intracellular anti-inflammatory effect of KPV in intestinal epithelial cells is a property specific to the tripeptide fragment, and that KPV's mechanism in this tissue is MC receptor-independent. In vivo, KPV administration in murine models of colitis (DSS-induced and TNBS-induced) produced significant reductions in colonic inflammation markers — results that have established KPV as a valuable and widely used research tool in preclinical IBD models.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInflammatory Bowel Disease \u0026amp; Mucosal Barrier Research\u003c\/strong\u003e KPV's combination of MC1R\/MC3R agonism, NF-κB suppression, MAPK pathway modulation, and PepT1-mediated intestinal uptake has made it one of the most actively studied anti-inflammatory peptides in the IBD and mucosal biology research space. Preclinical studies in rodent colitis models have consistently demonstrated that KPV administration attenuates colonic inflammation, reduces pro-inflammatory cytokine expression (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6), preserves mucosal barrier integrity, and improves histological scores of intestinal inflammation. The PepT1 upregulation in inflamed colon provides a natural disease-directed concentration mechanism that enhances KPV's research relevance specifically in models where intestinal inflammation is present — making it an unusually tissue-targeted research tool for gastrointestinal inflammatory biology.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWound Healing \u0026amp; Tissue Repair Research\u003c\/strong\u003e Beyond its gastrointestinal applications, KPV has been studied in models of wound healing and dermal tissue repair. Research has documented KPV's influence on keratinocyte migration and proliferation, fibroblast activity, and the regulation of inflammatory mediators in the wound microenvironment — effects consistent with α-MSH's established role in cutaneous inflammation and repair signalling via MC1R, which is prominently expressed in skin. Studies in wound healing models have demonstrated KPV-associated improvements in re-epithelialisation and wound closure rates, alongside attenuation of the pro-inflammatory cytokine environment that delays healing in chronic wound models. These findings position KPV as a complementary tool to GHK-Cu and BPC-157 in dermal and wound biology research — each operating through distinct but potentially synergistic mechanisms.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDermatological Inflammation Research\u003c\/strong\u003e MC1R is highly expressed in human and murine skin, and the melanocortin system plays a significant regulatory role in cutaneous inflammatory responses — including atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, and contact hypersensitivity. KPV has been studied in models of skin inflammation, with research demonstrating suppression of pro-inflammatory cytokine production by keratinocytes and dermal immune cells, and attenuation of inflammatory cell infiltration in skin inflammatory models. Its favourable stability profile and membrane permeability make it a practical research tool for studying MC1R-mediated anti-inflammatory pathways in dermal tissue without the confounding pigmentation-stimulating activity of full-length α-MSH.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSystemic Anti-Inflammatory Activity \u0026amp; Cytokine Modulation\u003c\/strong\u003e Across multiple experimental models, KPV has demonstrated broad-spectrum suppression of pro-inflammatory cytokine production — including TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8 — in both immune cells and tissue-specific cell types. Research examining the (CKPV)₂ dimer — constructed by linking two KPV units via a Cys-Cys linker — demonstrated inhibition of TNF-α production by LPS-stimulated human leukocytes with potency similar to the stable α-MSH analogue NDP-α-MSH and greater effectiveness than monomeric KPV. This avidity-driven enhancement points toward a direction for medicinal chemistry research aimed at developing more potent KPV-based anti-inflammatory tools, and highlights KPV's value as a lead scaffold in anti-inflammatory peptide drug discovery.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eKPV as an Endogenous Mediator\u003c\/strong\u003e Research has identified proteases capable of generating KPV from α-MSH in biological systems, and KPV-immunoreactive material has been detected in biological samples — supporting the hypothesis that KPV functions not merely as a synthetic research tool but as an endogenous anti-inflammatory mediator generated in situ from circulating α-MSH at sites of inflammation. If confirmed, this would position KPV research within a broader framework of understanding how the melanocortin system generates locally active anti-inflammatory fragments as part of the endogenous resolution of inflammatory responses — a basic science investigational axis of considerable interest.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003chr class=\"border-border-200 border-t-0.5 my-3 mx-1.5\"\u003e\n\u003ch3 class=\"text-text-100 mt-2 -mb-1 text-base font-bold\"\u003eKPV in Context: Comparison with Other Anti-Inflammatory Peptides in the Catalogue\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003eKPV occupies a unique niche within the anti-inflammatory research landscape — operating via the melanocortin receptor system and intracellular NF-κB\/MAPK suppression, distinct from the mechanisms of the other tissue-active peptides in our catalogue.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"overflow-x-auto w-full px-2 mb-6\"\u003e\n\u003ctable class=\"min-w-full border-collapse text-sm leading-[1.7] whitespace-normal\"\u003e\n\u003cthead class=\"text-left\"\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth scope=\"col\" class=\"text-text-100 border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/60 py-2 pr-4 align-top font-bold\"\u003ePeptide\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003cth scope=\"col\" class=\"text-text-100 border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/60 py-2 pr-4 align-top font-bold\"\u003ePrimary Anti-Inflammatory Mechanism\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003cth scope=\"col\" class=\"text-text-100 border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/60 py-2 pr-4 align-top font-bold\"\u003eKey Research Application\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\"\u003eKPV\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\"\u003eMC1R\/MC3R agonism, NF-κB\/MAPK suppression, PepT1-mediated uptake\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\"\u003eGI inflammation, IBD, skin, wound healing\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\"\u003eBPC-157\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\"\u003eNitric oxide system, GH receptor pathway\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\"\u003eGI mucosal repair, tendon\/ligament, systemic\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\"\u003eTB-500\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\"\u003eActin sequestration, VEGF-mediated angiogenesis\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\"\u003eTissue repair, musculoskeletal, systemic\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\"\u003eGHK-Cu\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\"\u003eGene expression modulation, MMP\/TIMP balance\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\"\u003eDermal, matrix remodelling, wound healing\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\"\u003eSelank\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\"\u003eGABA-A modulation, cytokine regulation\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\"\u003eNeuroinflammation, immune modulation\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003eThis mechanistic diversity makes these compounds genuinely complementary tools for multi-pathway inflammation research rather than overlapping alternatives — and positions the catalogue as a comprehensive research toolkit for studying inflammatory biology from multiple angles simultaneously.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003chr class=\"border-border-200 border-t-0.5 my-3 mx-1.5\"\u003e\n\u003ch3 class=\"text-text-100 mt-2 -mb-1 text-base font-bold\"\u003eProduct Specifications\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"overflow-x-auto w-full px-2 mb-6\"\u003e\n\u003ctable class=\"min-w-full border-collapse text-sm leading-[1.7] whitespace-normal\"\u003e\n\u003cthead class=\"text-left\"\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth scope=\"col\" class=\"text-text-100 border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/60 py-2 pr-4 align-top font-bold\"\u003eSpecification\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003cth scope=\"col\" class=\"text-text-100 border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/60 py-2 pr-4 align-top font-bold\"\u003eDetail\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\"\u003ePeptide\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\"\u003eKPV (Lys-Pro-Val)\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\"\u003eClassification\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\"\u003eAnti-inflammatory tripeptide — α-MSH C-terminal fragment (positions 11–13)\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\"\u003eSequence\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\"\u003eLys-Pro-Val\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\"\u003eMolecular Formula\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\"\u003eC₁₄H₂₇N₃O₄\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\"\u003eMolecular Weight\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\"\u003e301.38 g\/mol\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\"\u003ePurity\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\"\u003e\u0026gt;99% (HPLC \u0026amp; MS verified)\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\"\u003eForm\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\"\u003eLyophilised powder\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\"\u003eVial Sizes\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\"\u003e5mg, 10mg\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\"\u003eAppearance\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\"\u003eWhite to off-white powder\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\"\u003eSolubility\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\"\u003eSoluble in sterile water or PBS\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\"\u003eMembrane Permeability\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\"\u003eHigh — direct intracellular access documented\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\"\u003eStorage\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\"\u003e–20°C, keep away from light\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\"\u003eShelf Life\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\"\u003e24 months when stored correctly (lyophilised)\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\"\u003eCAS Number\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\"\u003e63547-13-7\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003chr class=\"border-border-200 border-t-0.5 my-3 mx-1.5\"\u003e\n\u003ch3 class=\"text-text-100 mt-2 -mb-1 text-base font-bold\"\u003eQuality \u0026amp; Purity Assurance\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003eEvery batch of our KPV undergoes a comprehensive quality control process before release. Our assurance pipeline includes:\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul class=\"[li_\u0026amp;]:mb-0 [li_\u0026amp;]:mt-1 [li_\u0026amp;]:gap-1 [\u0026amp;:not(:last-child)_ul]:pb-1 [\u0026amp;:not(:last-child)_ol]:pb-1 list-disc flex flex-col gap-1 pl-8 mb-3\"\u003e\n\u003cli class=\"font-claude-response-body whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eHPLC Analysis\u003c\/strong\u003e — confirms peptide purity exceeding 99%\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli class=\"font-claude-response-body whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eMass Spectrometry (MS)\u003c\/strong\u003e — verifies molecular identity and correct Lys-Pro-Val tripeptide sequence\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli class=\"font-claude-response-body whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eEndotoxin Testing\u003c\/strong\u003e — ensures the product is free from bacterial endotoxins\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli class=\"font-claude-response-body whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eCertificate of Analysis (CoA)\u003c\/strong\u003e — available for every batch upon request\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003eFull batch traceability is maintained across synthesis, purification, and quality testing. As the smallest peptide in our research catalogue at just three amino acids, KPV's analytical simplicity makes sequence confirmation by MS particularly precise — providing a high level of confidence in compound identity at every batch release.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003chr class=\"border-border-200 border-t-0.5 my-3 mx-1.5\"\u003e\n\u003ch3 class=\"text-text-100 mt-2 -mb-1 text-base font-bold\"\u003eHandling \u0026amp; Reconstitution (Research Use)\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003eKPV lyophilised powder is readily soluble in sterile bacteriostatic water or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). Gently swirl to dissolve. Once reconstituted, aliquot and store at –20°C or 2–8°C for short-term use. KPV's exceptional metabolic stability relative to larger peptides means reconstituted solutions maintain integrity well under appropriate storage conditions — however, repeated freeze-thaw cycles should still be avoided as standard practice.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003eGiven KPV's high membrane permeability and documented PepT1-mediated intestinal uptake, researchers designing cell-based assays should account for its capacity to access intracellular compartments directly — a property that distinguishes it from receptor-surface-acting peptides and that may require adapted experimental protocols for accurate mechanistic interpretation.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003eAll handling should comply with standard laboratory safety protocols and applicable institutional or regulatory guidelines.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003chr class=\"border-border-200 border-t-0.5 my-3 mx-1.5\"\u003e\n\u003ch3 class=\"text-text-100 mt-2 -mb-1 text-base font-bold\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(255, 42, 0);\"\u003eImportant Notice\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(255, 42, 0);\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThis product is intended strictly for in vitro research and laboratory use only. KPV is not approved for human or veterinary use by the FDA, EMA, or any other regulatory authority. It is not a drug, supplement, or food product. This product must not be administered to humans or animals. By purchasing this product, the buyer confirms they are a qualified researcher and will use the compound solely for lawful scientific research purposes.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"NEXYRALAB","offers":[{"title":"10mg","offer_id":59643105608014,"sku":null,"price":29.99,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1035\/3351\/0990\/files\/hf_20260512_154614_09caf81a-f8c5-4b1b-9397-b7871d2498d4.png?v=1779451033"},{"product_id":"mots-c-1","title":"Mots-c","description":"\u003ch3 class=\"text-text-100 mt-2 -mb-1 text-base font-bold\"\u003eMOTS-c | Mitochondrial Open Reading Frame of the 12S rRNA-c | Research Peptide\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSequence:\u003c\/strong\u003e Tyr-Gln-Ala-Val-Thr-Pro-Gly-Gly-Leu-Leu-Leu-Gly-Ala-Pro-Pro-Ile-Pro-Tyr-Arg-Ile-Pro-Ile-Pro-Gly-Ser-Ser-Val-Tyr \u003cstrong\u003eMolecular Formula:\u003c\/strong\u003e C₁₂₁H₂₀₀N₃₄O₃₂ \u003cstrong\u003eMolecular Weight:\u003c\/strong\u003e 2174.5 g\/mol \u003cstrong\u003ePurity:\u003c\/strong\u003e \u0026gt;99% (HPLC verified) \u003cstrong\u003eForm:\u003c\/strong\u003e Lyophilised powder \u003cstrong\u003eAvailable Sizes:\u003c\/strong\u003e 5mg | 10mg \u003cstrong\u003eStorage:\u003c\/strong\u003e –20°C, away from light and moisture \u003cstrong\u003eCAS Number:\u003c\/strong\u003e 1627580-64-6\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003chr class=\"border-border-200 border-t-0.5 my-3 mx-1.5\"\u003e\n\u003ch3 class=\"text-text-100 mt-2 -mb-1 text-base font-bold\"\u003eWhat Is MOTS-c?\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003eMOTS-c (Mitochondrial Open Reading Frame of the 12S rRNA-c) is a 16-amino-acid peptide encoded not by the nuclear genome, but by the mitochondrial genome — specifically within the 12S ribosomal RNA gene. It was first identified and characterised by researchers at the University of Southern California in 2015, making it one of the most recently discovered members of a new class of signalling molecules known as mitochondrial-derived peptides (MDPs).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003eThe discovery of MOTS-c fundamentally expanded scientific understanding of mitochondrial biology. Previously regarded primarily as the cell's energy-producing organelles, mitochondria are now understood to function as active endocrine-like signalling centres — capable of producing bioactive peptides that communicate with the nucleus, peripheral tissues, and systemic metabolic systems. MOTS-c is the most extensively studied of these mitochondrial peptides and has rapidly become a subject of considerable scientific interest.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003eLike GHK-Cu, circulating MOTS-c levels in humans appear to decline with age, and this pattern has made it a compelling target for researchers studying metabolic ageing, insulin sensitivity, and cellular stress response. Circulating MOTS-c has also been shown to vary with exercise intensity in human subjects — a finding that has accelerated research interest across exercise science and metabolic biology.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003eOur MOTS-c is synthesised under rigorous quality-controlled manufacturing conditions, achieving a verified purity of greater than 99% as confirmed by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and Mass Spectrometry (MS). It is supplied as a lyophilised (freeze-dried) powder to ensure maximum stability throughout storage and shipping.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003chr class=\"border-border-200 border-t-0.5 my-3 mx-1.5\"\u003e\n\u003ch3 class=\"text-text-100 mt-2 -mb-1 text-base font-bold\"\u003eResearch Background \u0026amp; Scientific Interest\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003eSince its discovery in 2015, MOTS-c has been the subject of an expanding body of peer-reviewed preclinical literature. Research spans metabolic science, exercise physiology, ageing biology, immunology, and cardiovascular science. Its unique mitochondrial origin and its apparent role as a systemic metabolic regulator distinguish it from all other peptides in this catalogue.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMitochondrial Origin \u0026amp; Retrograde Signalling\u003c\/strong\u003e MOTS-c is translated within the mitochondria from a short open reading frame embedded in the 12S rRNA gene — a region long considered non-coding. Upon synthesis, MOTS-c is exported into the cytoplasm and, under conditions of cellular stress, translocates to the nucleus where it modulates gene expression. This mitochondria-to-nucleus retrograde signalling pathway is a defining feature of MOTS-c biology and a key reason it has attracted substantial mechanistic research interest. It represents a fundamentally new axis of intracellular communication.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInsulin Sensitivity \u0026amp; Glucose Metabolism\u003c\/strong\u003e The most extensively studied aspect of MOTS-c activity involves glucose metabolism and insulin signalling. Preclinical research in rodent models has demonstrated that MOTS-c administration improves insulin sensitivity and reduces fasting blood glucose in diet-induced obesity models. Studies have identified AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase) activation as a central mechanism — MOTS-c appears to promote AMPK phosphorylation, thereby enhancing glucose uptake and fatty acid oxidation in skeletal muscle. This positions MOTS-c among the most mechanistically interesting peptides in metabolic research.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eExercise Mimicry \u0026amp; Skeletal Muscle Research\u003c\/strong\u003e One of the most striking findings in MOTS-c research is its apparent relationship with physical exercise. Studies have shown that circulating MOTS-c levels rise in response to aerobic exercise in both animal models and human subjects. Furthermore, exogenous MOTS-c administration in sedentary rodent models has produced metabolic adaptations partially overlapping with those induced by exercise — including increased mitochondrial biogenesis markers, improved fat oxidation, and enhanced skeletal muscle glucose utilisation. This has led researchers to describe MOTS-c as a candidate \"exercise mimetic\" peptide, making it a subject of significant interest in metabolic and sports science research.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAge-Related Decline \u0026amp; Longevity Research\u003c\/strong\u003e Circulating MOTS-c concentrations decline measurably with age in both animal and human studies, and this age-associated reduction correlates with metabolic deterioration. Conversely, centenarian populations have been observed to maintain relatively higher MOTS-c plasma levels compared to age-matched controls — a finding that has generated substantial interest in longevity research. Preclinical studies in aged mouse models have demonstrated that MOTS-c supplementation can partially restore metabolic function and physical performance, reinforcing its candidacy as a target in ageing biology research.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInflammatory Response \u0026amp; Immune Modulation\u003c\/strong\u003e More recent research has begun to examine MOTS-c's role in immune and inflammatory regulation. Preclinical studies have observed that MOTS-c modulates macrophage activity and attenuates inflammatory cytokine expression — including IL-6 and TNF-α — in models of systemic inflammation. Its role in regulating the innate immune response to metabolic stress is an active and rapidly evolving area of investigation.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCardiovascular Research\u003c\/strong\u003e Emerging preclinical evidence suggests MOTS-c may exert cardioprotective effects. Studies in cardiac ischaemia-reperfusion models have observed reduced cardiomyocyte apoptosis and improved mitochondrial function following MOTS-c treatment. Researchers have also noted associations between MOTS-c levels and cardiovascular risk markers in human observational studies, though the mechanistic basis of these associations continues to be investigated.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBone \u0026amp; Musculoskeletal Research\u003c\/strong\u003e A growing body of literature has examined MOTS-c in the context of bone metabolism. Preclinical studies in ovariectomised rodent models — a standard model for postmenopausal bone loss — have observed that MOTS-c administration attenuates bone density reduction and modulates osteoblast-osteoclast balance. This has expanded MOTS-c research interest into osteoporosis biology and skeletal homeostasis.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003chr class=\"border-border-200 border-t-0.5 my-3 mx-1.5\"\u003e\n\u003ch3 class=\"text-text-100 mt-2 -mb-1 text-base font-bold\"\u003eProduct Specifications\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"overflow-x-auto w-full px-2 mb-6\"\u003e\n\u003ctable class=\"min-w-full border-collapse text-sm leading-[1.7] whitespace-normal\"\u003e\n\u003cthead class=\"text-left\"\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth scope=\"col\" class=\"text-text-100 border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/60 py-2 pr-4 align-top font-bold\"\u003eSpecification\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003cth scope=\"col\" class=\"text-text-100 border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/60 py-2 pr-4 align-top font-bold\"\u003eDetail\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\"\u003ePeptide\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\"\u003eMOTS-c (Mitochondrial Open Reading Frame of the 12S rRNA-c)\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\"\u003eSequence\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\"\u003eTyr-Gln-Ala-Val-Thr-Pro-Gly-Gly-Leu-Leu-Leu-Gly-Ala-Pro-Pro-Ile-Pro-Tyr-Arg-Ile-Pro-Ile-Pro-Gly-Ser-Ser-Val-Tyr\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\"\u003ePurity\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\"\u003e\u0026gt;99% (HPLC \u0026amp; MS verified)\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\"\u003eForm\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\"\u003eLyophilised powder\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\"\u003eVial Sizes\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\"\u003e5mg, 10mg\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\"\u003eAppearance\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\"\u003eWhite to off-white powder\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\"\u003eSolubility\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\"\u003eSoluble in sterile water or PBS\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\"\u003eStorage\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\"\u003e–20°C, keep away from light\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\"\u003eShelf Life\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\"\u003e24 months when stored correctly (lyophilised)\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\"\u003eCAS Number\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\"\u003e1627580-64-6\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003chr class=\"border-border-200 border-t-0.5 my-3 mx-1.5\"\u003e\n\u003ch3 class=\"text-text-100 mt-2 -mb-1 text-base font-bold\"\u003eQuality \u0026amp; Purity Assurance\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003eEvery batch of our MOTS-c is subject to a comprehensive, multi-stage quality control process prior to release. Our assurance pipeline includes:\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul class=\"[li_\u0026amp;]:mb-0 [li_\u0026amp;]:mt-1 [li_\u0026amp;]:gap-1 [\u0026amp;:not(:last-child)_ul]:pb-1 [\u0026amp;:not(:last-child)_ol]:pb-1 list-disc flex flex-col gap-1 pl-8 mb-3\"\u003e\n\u003cli class=\"font-claude-response-body whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eHPLC Analysis\u003c\/strong\u003e — confirms peptide purity exceeding 99%\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli class=\"font-claude-response-body whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eMass Spectrometry (MS)\u003c\/strong\u003e — verifies molecular identity, sequence integrity, and molecular weight\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli class=\"font-claude-response-body whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eEndotoxin Testing\u003c\/strong\u003e — ensures the product is free from bacterial endotoxins\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli class=\"font-claude-response-body whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eCertificate of Analysis (CoA)\u003c\/strong\u003e — available for every batch upon request\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003eWe maintain complete batch traceability across synthesis, purification, and testing — providing the consistency researchers require for reproducible experimental results.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003chr class=\"border-border-200 border-t-0.5 my-3 mx-1.5\"\u003e\n\u003ch3 class=\"text-text-100 mt-2 -mb-1 text-base font-bold\"\u003eHandling \u0026amp; Reconstitution (Research Use)\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003eMOTS-c lyophilised powder should be reconstituted using sterile bacteriostatic water or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). Gently swirl the vial to dissolve — avoid vortexing, which can disrupt peptide structure. Once reconstituted, aliquot immediately into single-use volumes and store at –20°C. Repeated freeze-thaw cycles should be strictly avoided to preserve peptide integrity and biological activity in experimental settings.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003eAll handling should be conducted in compliance with standard laboratory safety protocols and applicable institutional or regulatory requirements.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003chr class=\"border-border-200 border-t-0.5 my-3 mx-1.5\"\u003e\n\u003ch3 class=\"text-text-100 mt-2 -mb-1 text-base font-bold\"\u003eMOTS-c Within a Research Peptide Panel\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003eMOTS-c occupies a distinct and complementary position within a research peptide panel. While BPC-157 and TB-500 are primarily studied for their roles in tissue repair and wound healing, and GHK-Cu for its influence on gene expression and extracellular matrix remodelling, MOTS-c targets a fundamentally different biological axis — mitochondrial function, systemic metabolism, and cellular energy regulation. Together, these four peptides represent a broad and mechanistically diverse research toolkit, covering tissue repair, inflammation, genomic modulation, and metabolic biology.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003eAll peptides in our catalogue are manufactured to the same \u0026gt;99% purity standard and are supported by batch-specific Certificates of Analysis.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003chr class=\"border-border-200 border-t-0.5 my-3 mx-1.5\"\u003e\n\u003ch3 class=\"text-text-100 mt-2 -mb-1 text-base font-bold\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(255, 42, 0);\"\u003eImportant Notice\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(255, 42, 0);\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThis product is intended strictly for in vitro research and laboratory use only. MOTS-c is not approved for human or veterinary use by the FDA, EMA, or any other regulatory authority. It is not a drug, supplement, or food product. This product must not be administered to humans or animals. By purchasing this product, the buyer confirms they are a qualified researcher and will use the compound solely for lawful scientific research purposes.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"NEXYRALAB","offers":[{"title":"10mg","offer_id":59643105640782,"sku":null,"price":28.99,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true},{"title":"40mg","offer_id":59643105673550,"sku":null,"price":58.99,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1035\/3351\/0990\/files\/hf_20260512_175906_cbc1a400-ce1f-486a-a179-a8b2ffa69983.png?v=1779451035"},{"product_id":"nad","title":"NAD+","description":"\u003ch3 class=\"text-text-100 mt-2 -mb-1 text-base font-bold\"\u003eNAD+ | Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (Oxidised Form) | Research Grade Coenzyme\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAlso Known As:\u003c\/strong\u003e NAD+, NAD, β-Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide \u003cstrong\u003eClassification:\u003c\/strong\u003e Dinucleotide coenzyme — essential redox carrier and enzyme cofactor \u003cstrong\u003eMolecular Formula:\u003c\/strong\u003e C₂₁H₂₇N₇O₁₄P₂ \u003cstrong\u003eMolecular Weight:\u003c\/strong\u003e 663.43 g\/mol \u003cstrong\u003ePurity:\u003c\/strong\u003e \u0026gt;99% (HPLC verified) \u003cstrong\u003eForm:\u003c\/strong\u003e Lyophilised powder \u003cstrong\u003eAvailable Sizes:\u003c\/strong\u003e 500mg | 1000mg \u003cstrong\u003eStorage:\u003c\/strong\u003e –20°C, away from light and moisture; desiccated \u003cstrong\u003eCAS Number:\u003c\/strong\u003e 53-84-9\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003chr class=\"border-border-200 border-t-0.5 my-3 mx-1.5\"\u003e\n\u003ch3 class=\"text-text-100 mt-2 -mb-1 text-base font-bold\"\u003eWhat Is NAD+?\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003eNicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) is a dinucleotide coenzyme found in every living cell, composed of two nucleotides joined through their phosphate groups — one containing adenine and one containing nicotinamide. It exists in two interconvertible forms: the oxidised form (NAD+) and the reduced form (NADH), and it is the continuous cycling between these two redox states that underlies its fundamental role in cellular energy metabolism.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003eNAD+ is not, strictly speaking, a peptide — it is a small-molecule coenzyme. However, it is one of the most actively researched compounds in the longevity, metabolic biology, and cellular energy science space, and is increasingly catalogued and studied alongside research peptides such as MOTS-c and 5-Amino-1MQ given its convergent research applications in NAD+ pathway biology, mitochondrial function, sirtuin activation, and metabolic ageing. Its mechanistic relationship with 5-Amino-1MQ — which works by inhibiting NNMT to preserve nicotinamide for NAD+ biosynthesis via the salvage pathway — makes them particularly complementary research tools.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003eNAD+ occupies a position of singular importance in cellular biochemistry: it is a required coenzyme or substrate in over 500 enzymatic reactions, and all major pathways for ATP production — glycolysis, the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, and beta-oxidation — require NAD+ and its reduced counterpart NADH. The NAD+\/NADH ratio is a primary control point linking hundreds of metabolic reactions throughout the cell, and its dysregulation is implicated in a wide range of pathological states from metabolic syndrome and neurodegeneration to cardiovascular disease and accelerated cellular ageing.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003eAmong the most significant discoveries of the past two decades in NAD+ biology is the consistent finding — confirmed across multiple species and tissue types — that cellular NAD+ levels decline progressively with age. This decline is driven by multiple converging mechanisms: increased activity of NAD+-consuming enzymes including PARP (poly ADP-ribose polymerase), CD38 (a major NAD+ glycohydrolase), and SARM1; decreased expression of NAMPT (nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase), the rate-limiting enzyme of the NAD+ salvage pathway; and increased NNMT activity (the target of 5-Amino-1MQ) diverting nicotinamide away from NAD+ biosynthesis. This age-related NAD+ depletion has emerged as one of the central mechanistic hypotheses in ageing biology, driving enormous research interest in NAD+ repletion strategies and the compounds — including NAD+ itself, its precursors NMN and NR, and NNMT inhibitors like 5-Amino-1MQ — that can restore cellular NAD+ levels.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003eOur NAD+ is supplied as a research-grade lyophilised powder, manufactured under strict quality-controlled conditions and verified to a purity of greater than 99% by HPLC and Mass Spectrometry.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003chr class=\"border-border-200 border-t-0.5 my-3 mx-1.5\"\u003e\n\u003ch3 class=\"text-text-100 mt-2 -mb-1 text-base font-bold\"\u003eResearch Background \u0026amp; Scientific Interest\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003eNAD+ has accumulated one of the broadest and most rapidly expanding bodies of research literature of any compound in contemporary biology — with thousands of peer-reviewed publications spanning cellular metabolism, sirtuin biology, DNA repair, cardiovascular science, neuroscience, immunology, and ageing research. Its central role as both a redox carrier and a signalling molecule substrate makes it mechanistically relevant to virtually every area of biomedical research.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCellular Energy Metabolism: Redox Carrier \u0026amp; ATP Production\u003c\/strong\u003e The most fundamental role of NAD+ is as a hydride acceptor in catabolic oxidation reactions. During glycolysis, the TCA cycle, and beta-oxidation, NAD+ accepts electrons from metabolic intermediates to form NADH. NADH then donates these electrons to Complex I of the mitochondrial electron transport chain, driving the proton gradient that powers ATP synthase — ultimately generating the majority of cellular ATP. This redox cycling between NAD+ and NADH is so fundamental that it has been described as the central axis of cellular bioenergetics. Researchers studying mitochondrial function, metabolic efficiency, and bioenergetic capacity use NAD+ as both a research substrate and a reference standard in assays examining cellular respiration and oxidative phosphorylation.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSirtuin Activation \u0026amp; Gene Regulation\u003c\/strong\u003e NAD+ is an essential co-substrate — not merely a cofactor — for the sirtuin family of deacetylase enzymes (SIRT1–SIRT7). Sirtuins consume one molecule of NAD+ per deacetylation reaction, meaning their activity is directly and stoichiometrically gated by cellular NAD+ availability. This makes the NAD+\/sirtuin axis one of the most important and actively studied regulatory systems in cellular biology. The seven sirtuin isoforms have distinct subcellular localisations and substrate specificities with broad regulatory reach: SIRT1 (nuclear\/cytoplasmic) regulates gene expression, insulin signalling, and stress responses via deacetylation of p53, NF-κB, FOXO, and PGC-1α; SIRT3 (mitochondrial) regulates oxidative phosphorylation, fatty acid oxidation, and antioxidant defences via SOD2 activation; SIRT6 (nuclear) regulates DNA repair, telomere maintenance, and inflammatory gene expression. Because NAD+ availability directly controls the activity of all seven sirtuins simultaneously, NAD+ repletion has been studied as a strategy for broadly restoring sirtuin-mediated regulatory function in aged or metabolically compromised cells — with extensive preclinical data supporting improvements in mitochondrial function, metabolic homeostasis, and cellular stress resilience.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNAD+ Decline with Age \u0026amp; Ageing Biology Research\u003c\/strong\u003e The progressive, tissue-wide decline of NAD+ with age is one of the most replicated findings in modern ageing biology. Published data across rodent and human studies have documented NAD+ reductions of 30–60% in multiple tissues between young adulthood and old age, with corresponding declines in sirtuin activity, mitochondrial function, and metabolic flexibility. Key drivers of this decline include age-associated upregulation of CD38 — the primary NAD+-consuming enzyme in mammalian tissues — and increased PARP activity driven by accumulating DNA damage. Research in mouse models has consistently demonstrated that strategies to restore NAD+ levels — including direct NAD+ or precursor supplementation, CD38 inhibition, and NNMT inhibition (the mechanism of 5-Amino-1MQ) — produce improvements in multiple age-associated phenotypes including muscle function, metabolic parameters, cognitive performance, and inflammatory status. NAD+ is therefore a central experimental tool and reference compound in preclinical ageing biology research, where it is used both as a direct supplement and as a biochemical endpoint in studies examining the efficacy of NAD+-boosting interventions.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDNA Repair: PARP Activation \u0026amp; Genomic Stability\u003c\/strong\u003e Beyond its role in energy metabolism and sirtuin signalling, NAD+ is the essential substrate for PARP enzymes (poly ADP-ribose polymerases) — the primary cellular DNA damage sensors and repair initiators. Upon detection of DNA strand breaks, PARP1 consumes NAD+ to synthesise poly-ADP-ribose (PAR) chains on target proteins, recruiting the DNA repair machinery and modifying chromatin structure to facilitate access to the damage site. This process can consume enormous quantities of NAD+ during periods of high DNA damage burden — a situation observed in aged cells where accumulated oxidative and replicative DNA damage drives chronic PARP hyperactivation and consequent NAD+ depletion. Researchers studying DNA repair fidelity, genomic stability, and the relationship between NAD+ availability and repair capacity use NAD+ as both a substrate and a readout in assays probing the PARP-NAD+ axis.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCardiovascular Research \u0026amp; Heart Failure Biology\u003c\/strong\u003e NAD+ deficiency has been consistently linked to heart failure pathophysiology across multiple preclinical and emerging clinical research contexts. A 2025 review in the American Journal of Cardiovascular Drugs identified NAD+ as a fundamental coenzyme whose deficiency impairs sirtuin activity, disrupts mitochondrial biogenesis via PGC-1α, compromises ATP synthesis efficiency, attenuates antioxidant defences (via SIRT3-FOXO3\/SOD2), disturbs Ca²⁺ homeostasis, and dysregulates mitophagy — collectively driving bioenergetic collapse alongside oxidative stress and adverse cardiac remodelling. Preclinical data in ischaemic heart failure models have consistently demonstrated that restoring NAD+ levels rescues mitochondrial function, attenuates remodelling, and enhances cardiac performance. A 2025 randomised, placebo-controlled clinical trial (n=180 adults with ischaemic cardiomyopathy, LVEF ≤45%, NYHA grade II–III) published in the American Journal of Cardiovascular Drugs examined NAD+ supplementation in this population — providing rare human clinical data on direct NAD+ administration in a cardiovascular disease context and adding to the growing translational evidence base for NAD+ in heart failure research.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNeurological \u0026amp; Neuroprotective Research\u003c\/strong\u003e The brain is among the most metabolically demanding and NAD+-dependent tissues in the body, and NAD+ depletion has been implicated in the pathophysiology of multiple neurodegenerative conditions. Research has examined NAD+ in models of Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and traumatic brain injury — with findings consistently pointing to NAD+-dependent sirtuin activity, PARP-mediated NAD+ consumption, and mitochondrial dysfunction as mechanistically important contributors to neuronal vulnerability and disease progression. SIRT1 activation by NAD+ has been specifically investigated as a potential modulator of amyloid precursor protein processing and tau acetylation — two central pathological processes in Alzheimer's disease research. NAD+ is also the substrate for SARM1 — a key regulator of Wallerian axon degeneration — making the NAD+\/SARM1 axis a subject of growing interest in peripheral neuropathy and axonal injury research.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eImmunological \u0026amp; Inflammatory Research\u003c\/strong\u003e CD38 — the primary NAD+-consuming enzyme in immune cells — plays a central role in regulating the inflammatory capacity of innate immune cells, and the relationship between NAD+ availability, CD38 activity, and inflammatory cytokine production is an active area of investigation. Research has shown that macrophage activation is accompanied by rapid NAD+ depletion driven by CD38 upregulation and PARP activation, and that NAD+ repletion can modulate the inflammatory response of activated immune cells. The NAD+\/sirtuin axis — particularly SIRT1 and SIRT6 — intersects directly with NF-κB signalling and inflammatory gene expression, providing mechanistic connections between NAD+ availability and the intensity and resolution of inflammatory responses that are of direct relevance to researchers working on inflammatory biology across multiple tissue systems.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMetabolic Research: Insulin Sensitivity, Lipid Metabolism \u0026amp; Obesity\u003c\/strong\u003e The NAD+\/sirtuin axis is deeply integrated with metabolic regulation. SIRT1-mediated deacetylation of PGC-1α — a master regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis and fatty acid oxidation — is NAD+-dependent, and the age- and obesity-associated decline in cellular NAD+ is directly associated with reduced PGC-1α activity, impaired mitochondrial biogenesis, and metabolic inflexibility. Preclinical research in diet-induced obesity models has demonstrated that NAD+ repletion improves insulin sensitivity, reduces adiposity, and enhances mitochondrial function — effects that complement and contextualise the findings from MOTS-c (AMPK activation) and retatrutide (triple hormone receptor agonism) research in metabolic disease models. NAD+ is therefore an important reference compound for researchers studying the metabolic ageing axis and comparing mechanistically distinct approaches to improving cellular metabolic function.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003chr class=\"border-border-200 border-t-0.5 my-3 mx-1.5\"\u003e\n\u003ch3 class=\"text-text-100 mt-2 -mb-1 text-base font-bold\"\u003eThe NAD+ Biosynthesis Landscape: Research Context\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003eUnderstanding the pathways through which cells synthesise and maintain NAD+ is essential context for researchers working with NAD+ and related compounds. NAD+ is synthesised via three primary routes:\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDe Novo Synthesis:\u003c\/strong\u003e From dietary tryptophan via the kynurenine pathway, ultimately producing quinolinic acid and then NAD+ via NAAD (nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePreiss-Handler Pathway:\u003c\/strong\u003e From nicotinic acid (niacin) via NAPRT (nicotinic acid phosphoribosyltransferase) and NAAD.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSalvage Pathway (dominant in most tissues):\u003c\/strong\u003e From nicotinamide (NAM) — the breakdown product of NAD+ consumption by PARP, sirtuins, and CD38 — via NAMPT (the rate-limiting enzyme) to NMN, then to NAD+ via NMNAT enzymes (NMNAT1 in nucleus, NMNAT2 in cytoplasm, NMNAT3 in mitochondria). Nicotinamide riboside (NR) can also enter the salvage pathway via NRK (nicotinamide riboside kinase) to NMN and then NAD+.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003eThe salvage pathway is particularly relevant to researchers working with 5-Amino-1MQ — which inhibits NNMT, the enzyme that methylates nicotinamide and diverts it away from the NAMPT-mediated salvage pathway, thereby preserving nicotinamide flux toward NAD+ synthesis. This mechanistic connection makes 5-Amino-1MQ and NAD+ complementary research tools: NAD+ directly provides the coenzyme, while 5-Amino-1MQ supports endogenous NAD+ biosynthesis by protecting its precursor supply.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003chr class=\"border-border-200 border-t-0.5 my-3 mx-1.5\"\u003e\n\u003ch3 class=\"text-text-100 mt-2 -mb-1 text-base font-bold\"\u003eNAD+ in the Context of the Research Catalogue\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003eNAD+ occupies a foundational position within the metabolic research arm of our catalogue — as the central coenzyme whose availability directly gates sirtuin activity, PARP-mediated DNA repair, mitochondrial bioenergetics, and CD38-mediated immune regulation simultaneously. Its research relationship with other catalogue compounds is mechanistically direct:\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul class=\"[li_\u0026amp;]:mb-0 [li_\u0026amp;]:mt-1 [li_\u0026amp;]:gap-1 [\u0026amp;:not(:last-child)_ul]:pb-1 [\u0026amp;:not(:last-child)_ol]:pb-1 list-disc flex flex-col gap-1 pl-8 mb-3\"\u003e\n\u003cli class=\"font-claude-response-body whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003e5-Amino-1MQ\u003c\/strong\u003e — inhibits NNMT, preserving nicotinamide for NAD+ biosynthesis via the salvage pathway; the two compounds work on the same NAD+ axis from complementary angles\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli class=\"font-claude-response-body whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eMOTS-c\u003c\/strong\u003e — activates AMPK and operates downstream of mitochondrial NAD+ sensing; studies of MOTS-c and NAD+ together provide complementary perspectives on mitochondrial metabolic regulation\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli class=\"font-claude-response-body whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eRetatrutide\u003c\/strong\u003e — addresses systemic hormonal metabolic regulation via GIP\/GLP-1\/glucagon receptors; NAD+ provides the intracellular bioenergetic context for the tissue-level metabolic effects observed with GLP-1 class compounds\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli class=\"font-claude-response-body whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eGHK-Cu\u003c\/strong\u003e — upregulates gene expression broadly including antioxidant defence genes; NAD+-dependent SIRT3 activation of SOD2 provides a mechanistically complementary antioxidant research axis\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003eTogether, NAD+, 5-Amino-1MQ, and MOTS-c represent the most tightly integrated mechanistic cluster within our catalogue — three compounds converging on cellular metabolic resilience, mitochondrial function, and the biology of metabolic ageing from distinct and complementary molecular angles.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003chr class=\"border-border-200 border-t-0.5 my-3 mx-1.5\"\u003e\n\u003ch3 class=\"text-text-100 mt-2 -mb-1 text-base font-bold\"\u003eProduct Specifications\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"overflow-x-auto w-full px-2 mb-6\"\u003e\n\u003ctable class=\"min-w-full border-collapse text-sm leading-[1.7] whitespace-normal\"\u003e\n\u003cthead class=\"text-left\"\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth scope=\"col\" class=\"text-text-100 border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/60 py-2 pr-4 align-top font-bold\"\u003eSpecification\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003cth scope=\"col\" class=\"text-text-100 border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/60 py-2 pr-4 align-top font-bold\"\u003eDetail\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\"\u003eCompound\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\"\u003eNAD+ (β-Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide, oxidised form)\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\"\u003eClassification\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\"\u003eDinucleotide coenzyme — redox carrier and enzyme cofactor\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\"\u003eMolecular Formula\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\"\u003eC₂₁H₂₇N₇O₁₄P₂\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\"\u003eMolecular Weight\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\"\u003e663.43 g\/mol\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\"\u003ePurity\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\"\u003e\u0026gt;99% (HPLC \u0026amp; MS verified)\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\"\u003eForm\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\"\u003eLyophilised powder\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\"\u003eAvailable Sizes\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\"\u003e500mg, 1000mg\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\"\u003eAppearance\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\"\u003eWhite to off-white powder\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\"\u003eSolubility\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\"\u003eFreely soluble in water; prepare fresh solutions\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\"\u003eStorage\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\"\u003e–20°C, desiccated, away from light\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\"\u003eShelf Life\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\"\u003e24 months when stored correctly (lyophilised, desiccated)\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\"\u003eCAS Number\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\"\u003e53-84-9\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003chr class=\"border-border-200 border-t-0.5 my-3 mx-1.5\"\u003e\n\u003ch3 class=\"text-text-100 mt-2 -mb-1 text-base font-bold\"\u003eQuality \u0026amp; Purity Assurance\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003eEvery batch of our NAD+ undergoes a rigorous multi-stage quality control process before release. Our assurance pipeline includes:\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul class=\"[li_\u0026amp;]:mb-0 [li_\u0026amp;]:mt-1 [li_\u0026amp;]:gap-1 [\u0026amp;:not(:last-child)_ul]:pb-1 [\u0026amp;:not(:last-child)_ol]:pb-1 list-disc flex flex-col gap-1 pl-8 mb-3\"\u003e\n\u003cli class=\"font-claude-response-body whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eHPLC Analysis\u003c\/strong\u003e — confirms compound purity exceeding 99% and confirms the NAD+ (oxidised) form\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli class=\"font-claude-response-body whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eMass Spectrometry (MS)\u003c\/strong\u003e — verifies molecular identity and confirms absence of NADH or other dinucleotide contaminants\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli class=\"font-claude-response-body whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eEnzymatic Activity Assay\u003c\/strong\u003e — confirms biological activity as a coenzyme substrate in standard enzymatic reactions\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli class=\"font-claude-response-body whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eEndotoxin Testing\u003c\/strong\u003e — ensures the product is free from bacterial endotoxins\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli class=\"font-claude-response-body whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eKarl Fischer Moisture Analysis\u003c\/strong\u003e — confirms low residual moisture critical to stability of the lyophilised powder\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli class=\"font-claude-response-body whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eCertificate of Analysis (CoA)\u003c\/strong\u003e — available for every batch upon request\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003eNAD+ is hygroscopic and sensitive to moisture, heat, and light in ways that require specific QC attention beyond standard peptide quality control. Our Karl Fischer moisture analysis and desiccated packaging protocols are specifically designed to address these stability characteristics and ensure research-grade reliability.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003chr class=\"border-border-200 border-t-0.5 my-3 mx-1.5\"\u003e\n\u003ch3 class=\"text-text-100 mt-2 -mb-1 text-base font-bold\"\u003eHandling \u0026amp; Reconstitution (Research Use)\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003eNAD+ lyophilised powder is freely soluble in water. Prepare aqueous solutions fresh immediately before use — NAD+ undergoes hydrolysis in solution, particularly at acidic or alkaline pH, and prolonged storage of reconstituted solutions is not recommended for research-grade applications where concentration accuracy is important. For assay use, prepare working solutions at neutral pH (6.5–7.5) in appropriate buffer systems consistent with the experimental protocol.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003eStore the lyophilised powder in tightly sealed, desiccated containers at –20°C protected from light. NAD+ is hygroscopic — moisture absorption during handling will degrade both the powder quality and the accuracy of mass-based concentration calculations. Weigh and handle under low-humidity conditions where possible. Avoid repeated opening of the stock vial; consider pre-aliquoting into working-size quantities under dry conditions before the first opening.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003eAll handling should comply with standard laboratory safety protocols and applicable institutional or regulatory guidelines.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003chr class=\"border-border-200 border-t-0.5 my-3 mx-1.5\"\u003e\n\u003ch3 class=\"text-text-100 mt-2 -mb-1 text-base font-bold\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(255, 42, 0);\"\u003eImportant Notice\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(255, 42, 0);\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThis product is intended strictly for in vitro research and laboratory use only. NAD+ is not approved as a therapeutic agent for human use by the FDA or EMA in the context of this research-grade supply. It is not a drug or supplement formulated for human consumption. By purchasing this product, the buyer confirms they are a qualified researcher and will use the compound solely for lawful scientific research purposes.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"NEXYRALAB","offers":[{"title":"500mg","offer_id":59643105771854,"sku":null,"price":49.99,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true},{"title":"1000mg","offer_id":59643105804622,"sku":null,"price":95.99,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1035\/3351\/0990\/files\/hf_20260512_152218_58bfb058-b93c-48b0-a252-6a9646536619_1.png?v=1779451040"},{"product_id":"selank","title":"Selank","description":"\u003ch3 class=\"text-text-100 mt-2 -mb-1 text-base font-bold\"\u003eSelank | Thr-Lys-Pro-Arg-Pro-Gly-Pro | Synthetic Tuftsin Analogue | Research Peptide\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSequence:\u003c\/strong\u003e Thr-Lys-Pro-Arg-Pro-Gly-Pro (TKPRPGP) \u003cstrong\u003eClassification:\u003c\/strong\u003e Heptapeptide — synthetic analogue of the endogenous immunopeptide tuftsin \u003cstrong\u003eMolecular Formula:\u003c\/strong\u003e C₃₃H₅₇N₁₁O₉ \u003cstrong\u003eMolecular Weight:\u003c\/strong\u003e 751.88 g\/mol \u003cstrong\u003ePurity:\u003c\/strong\u003e \u0026gt;99% (HPLC verified) \u003cstrong\u003eForm:\u003c\/strong\u003e Lyophilised powder \u003cstrong\u003eAvailable Sizes:\u003c\/strong\u003e 5mg | 10mg \u003cstrong\u003eStorage:\u003c\/strong\u003e –20°C, away from light and moisture \u003cstrong\u003eCAS Number:\u003c\/strong\u003e 129954-34-3\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003chr class=\"border-border-200 border-t-0.5 my-3 mx-1.5\"\u003e\n\u003ch3 class=\"text-text-100 mt-2 -mb-1 text-base font-bold\"\u003eWhat Is Selank?\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003eSelank is a synthetic heptapeptide consisting of seven amino acids (Thr-Lys-Pro-Arg-Pro-Gly-Pro), developed by the Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Russian Academy of Sciences in collaboration with the V.V. Zakusov Research Institute of Pharmacology. It was designed as a metabolically stabilised synthetic analogue of tuftsin — a naturally occurring tetrapeptide (Thr-Lys-Pro-Arg) found within the Fc region of human immunoglobulin G heavy chains, where it plays an endogenous immunoregulatory role.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003eTo address tuftsin's extremely short biological half-life in vivo, researchers extended the C-terminus of the native sequence with three additional natural L-amino acids — Pro-Gly-Pro — producing a compound with significantly enhanced metabolic stability while retaining and expanding the biological activity of the parent molecule. The result is Selank: a peptide with a unique pharmacological profile spanning neuropsychiatric, nootropic, and immunomodulatory research domains, and one of the most extensively studied research peptides to emerge from the Russian neuropharmacology literature.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003eSelank has been investigated in both preclinical animal models and clinical studies — including a registered clinical trial in generalised anxiety disorder (GAD) and neurasthenia — making it unusual among research peptides in having a degree of human clinical data behind it. It is approved and used as a pharmaceutical nasal spray in Russia and several other post-Soviet states, though it has not been evaluated by the FDA or EMA and remains an investigational compound in Western research contexts.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003eOur Selank is synthesised under rigorous quality-controlled manufacturing conditions, verified to a purity of greater than 99% by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and Mass Spectrometry (MS), and supplied as a lyophilised (freeze-dried) powder for maximum stability.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003chr class=\"border-border-200 border-t-0.5 my-3 mx-1.5\"\u003e\n\u003ch3 class=\"text-text-100 mt-2 -mb-1 text-base font-bold\"\u003eResearch Background \u0026amp; Scientific Interest\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003eSelank has accumulated an extensive and diverse body of preclinical and clinical research since its development, spanning anxiolytic pharmacology, cognitive neuroscience, neuroimmunology, enkephalin metabolism, and antiviral biology. Its multi-system mechanism of action — operating simultaneously across GABAergic, monoaminergic, and neurotrophic signalling pathways — distinguishes it from single-target anxiolytic compounds and has sustained continued scientific interest across several decades of research.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGABAergic Modulation \u0026amp; Anxiolytic Activity\u003c\/strong\u003e The most extensively characterised mechanism of Selank's anxiolytic activity involves the GABAergic system. Radioligand binding studies have demonstrated that Selank acts as a positive allosteric modulator of GABA-A receptors — increasing the binding of [³H]GABA and modulating chloride ion channel opening frequency in a manner functionally analogous to benzodiazepines, but through a distinct and non-overlapping binding site. This GABAergic action produces anxiolytic effects comparable in magnitude to classical benzodiazepine drugs in both preclinical models and clinical studies, without the sedation, muscle relaxation, amnesia, tolerance, or dependence potential associated with that drug class. Gene expression studies have further shown that Selank modulates the expression of key genes involved in GABAergic neurotransmission — including Drd1a, Drd2, Slc6a13, and Ptgs2 — with effects observed as early as one hour post-administration in rodent models.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eClinical Trial Data: Generalised Anxiety Disorder \u0026amp; Neurasthenia\u003c\/strong\u003e Selank's anxiolytic profile has been evaluated in a clinical study led by Zozulia and colleagues, involving 62 participants — a subset with generalised anxiety disorder (GAD) and others with neurasthenia — assessed using standardised psychometric instruments including the Clinical Global Impression (CGI) scale, the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale, and the Zung Self-Rating Scale. In this trial, Selank demonstrated anxiolytic efficacy comparable to the reference benzodiazepine medazepam, while additionally producing antiasthenic and psychostimulant effects that the comparator drug did not. Researchers also observed modulation of leu-enkephalin half-life in treated participants — a biochemical correlate of Selank's activity on endogenous opioid peptide metabolism — with the degree of change correlating meaningfully with baseline anxiety severity and symptom duration.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMonoaminergic \u0026amp; Nootropic Mechanisms\u003c\/strong\u003e Beyond the GABAergic system, Selank has been found to influence concentrations of key monoamine neurotransmitters — serotonin, dopamine, and noradrenaline — in a manner that underpins both its mood-stabilising and cognitive-enhancing effects. Research has documented Selank-induced metabolism of serotonin and modulation of dopaminergic receptor gene expression, including the dopamine D5 receptor (Drd5) — a receptor with a well-established role in long-term potentiation and the formation of memory and learning processes. Selank also appears to stimulate the noradrenergic system, which plays a central role in arousal, attention, and motivational processing — a mechanism that may contribute to the psychostimulant and anti-asthenic effects observed in clinical research.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003eThese combined monoaminergic effects have positioned Selank as one of the more mechanistically interesting nootropic research peptides available, distinguished from other nootropics by the convergence of anxiolytic calming and cognitive stimulation within a single compound — properties that are typically pharmacologically opposing.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBDNF Upregulation \u0026amp; Neuroplasticity Research\u003c\/strong\u003e Selank has been found to rapidly elevate the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the hippocampus of rats following administration. BDNF is a member of the neurotrophin family and plays a critical role in synaptic plasticity, long-term potentiation, neurogenesis, and the consolidation of learning and memory. Its dysregulation is implicated in a range of neuropsychiatric conditions including depression, anxiety disorders, and age-related cognitive decline. Selank's capacity to upregulate hippocampal BDNF has been proposed as a key mechanism underlying both its nootropic effects and its neuroprotective activity in models of alcohol-induced cognitive impairment — where administration prevented ethanol-induced disruption of BDNF levels in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex, alongside statistically significant improvements in object recognition memory in rodent models.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEnkephalin Protection \u0026amp; Endogenous Opioid Research\u003c\/strong\u003e Selank and the closely related peptide Semax have been found to inhibit enzymes responsible for the degradation of enkephalins — endogenous opioid pentapeptides that modulate pain perception, stress response, and emotional regulation. By reducing enkephalin breakdown, Selank effectively prolongs the activity of these endogenous regulatory peptides, producing analgesic and anxiolytic effects through the opioid system in parallel to its GABAergic and monoaminergic mechanisms. This enkephalin-sparing activity has been proposed as an additional contributor to Selank's anti-stress and mood-stabilising effects observed across preclinical models.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eImmunomodulatory \u0026amp; Antiviral Research\u003c\/strong\u003e As a tuftsin analogue, Selank retains the immunomodulatory properties of its parent peptide. Research has demonstrated Selank's capacity to modulate the expression of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and to influence the balance of T helper cell cytokines, with effects on both the Th1 and Th2 arms of the adaptive immune response. Selank has also been found to significantly alter the expression of genes encoding chemokines, cytokines, and their receptors in mouse spleen tissue at six and twenty-four hours post-administration. Additionally, Selank has been investigated for antiviral activity — including studies examining its effects on influenza replication — positioning it as a compound of interest in immunology research beyond its well-established neuropsychiatric profile.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNeuroprotection \u0026amp; Anti-inflammatory Activity\u003c\/strong\u003e Selank has demonstrated neuroprotective effects in multiple preclinical models, attributed in part to its anti-inflammatory activity within the central nervous system. Research has shown Selank-induced changes in the expression of genes involved in inflammatory processes in the hippocampus and spleen of rodents, suggesting a capacity to modulate neuroinflammatory cascades that contribute to neurodegeneration and cognitive impairment. Its antioxidant properties and effects on BDNF further reinforce its preclinical profile as a neuroprotective research tool.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003chr class=\"border-border-200 border-t-0.5 my-3 mx-1.5\"\u003e\n\u003ch3 class=\"text-text-100 mt-2 -mb-1 text-base font-bold\"\u003eProduct Specifications\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"overflow-x-auto w-full px-2 mb-6\"\u003e\n\u003ctable class=\"min-w-full border-collapse text-sm leading-[1.7] whitespace-normal\"\u003e\n\u003cthead class=\"text-left\"\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth scope=\"col\" class=\"text-text-100 border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/60 py-2 pr-4 align-top font-bold\"\u003eSpecification\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003cth scope=\"col\" class=\"text-text-100 border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/60 py-2 pr-4 align-top font-bold\"\u003eDetail\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\"\u003ePeptide\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\"\u003eSelank (Thr-Lys-Pro-Arg-Pro-Gly-Pro)\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\"\u003eClassification\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\"\u003eSynthetic tuftsin analogue — heptapeptide\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\"\u003eMolecular Formula\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\"\u003eC₃₃H₅₇N₁₁O₉\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\"\u003eMolecular Weight\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\"\u003e751.88 g\/mol\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\"\u003ePurity\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\"\u003e\u0026gt;99% (HPLC \u0026amp; MS verified)\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\"\u003eForm\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\"\u003eLyophilised powder\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\"\u003eVial Sizes\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\"\u003e5mg, 10mg\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\"\u003eAppearance\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\"\u003eWhite to off-white powder\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\"\u003eSolubility\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\"\u003eSoluble in sterile water or PBS\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\"\u003eStorage\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\"\u003e–20°C, keep away from light\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\"\u003eShelf Life\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\"\u003e24 months when stored correctly (lyophilised)\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\"\u003eCAS Number\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\"\u003e129954-34-3\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003chr class=\"border-border-200 border-t-0.5 my-3 mx-1.5\"\u003e\n\u003ch3 class=\"text-text-100 mt-2 -mb-1 text-base font-bold\"\u003eQuality \u0026amp; Purity Assurance\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003eEvery batch of our Selank undergoes a comprehensive multi-stage quality control process prior to release. Our assurance pipeline includes:\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul class=\"[li_\u0026amp;]:mb-0 [li_\u0026amp;]:mt-1 [li_\u0026amp;]:gap-1 [\u0026amp;:not(:last-child)_ul]:pb-1 [\u0026amp;:not(:last-child)_ol]:pb-1 list-disc flex flex-col gap-1 pl-8 mb-3\"\u003e\n\u003cli class=\"font-claude-response-body whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eHPLC Analysis\u003c\/strong\u003e — confirms peptide purity exceeding 99%\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli class=\"font-claude-response-body whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eMass Spectrometry (MS)\u003c\/strong\u003e — verifies molecular identity, sequence integrity, and molecular weight\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli class=\"font-claude-response-body whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eEndotoxin Testing\u003c\/strong\u003e — ensures the product is free from bacterial endotoxins\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli class=\"font-claude-response-body whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eCertificate of Analysis (CoA)\u003c\/strong\u003e — available for every batch upon request\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003eFull batch traceability is maintained across synthesis, purification, and quality testing, providing researchers with the confidence required for reproducible, high-quality experimental outcomes.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003chr class=\"border-border-200 border-t-0.5 my-3 mx-1.5\"\u003e\n\u003ch3 class=\"text-text-100 mt-2 -mb-1 text-base font-bold\"\u003eHandling \u0026amp; Reconstitution (Research Use)\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003eSelank lyophilised powder is readily soluble in sterile bacteriostatic water or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). Gently swirl to dissolve — do not vortex. Once reconstituted, aliquot immediately and store at –20°C. Avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles to preserve peptide integrity. Note that Selank is not orally bioavailable due to rapid enzymatic degradation in the gastrointestinal tract; preclinical research protocols have most commonly employed intranasal or intraperitoneal administration routes in animal models, which should be considered when designing in vivo experimental protocols.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003eAll handling should comply with standard laboratory safety protocols and applicable institutional or regulatory guidelines.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003chr class=\"border-border-200 border-t-0.5 my-3 mx-1.5\"\u003e\n\u003ch3 class=\"text-text-100 mt-2 -mb-1 text-base font-bold\"\u003eSelank in the Context of the Research Peptide Catalogue\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003eSelank occupies a distinct and complementary niche within our research catalogue as the only compound with a primary focus on central nervous system research — spanning anxiolytic pharmacology, nootropic biology, neuroimmunology, and BDNF-mediated neuroplasticity. It is closely related to Semax — another tuftsin-derived neuropeptide also developed by the Institute of Molecular Genetics — which shares some mechanistic overlap but differs in emphasis, with Semax research more focused on ACTH-related neuroprotection and cognitive enhancement rather than anxiolysis.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003eWithin the broader catalogue, Selank's neuroinflammatory and immunomodulatory research applications provide a complementary perspective to the systemic tissue repair focus of BPC-157 and TB-500, the dermal and genomic remodelling activity of GHK-Cu, the mitochondrial metabolic biology of MOTS-c, the systemic hormonal signalling of retatrutide, the intracellular NAD+ and sarcopenia-focused research applications of 5-Amino-1MQ, and the endocrine and anabolic reference standard role of HGH. Together, these eight compounds span an exceptionally broad mechanistic range — from intracellular energy metabolism to systemic hormone signalling, tissue repair, and central nervous system biology.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003eAll peptides in our catalogue are manufactured to the same \u0026gt;99% purity standard and are supported by batch-specific Certificates of Analysis.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003chr class=\"border-border-200 border-t-0.5 my-3 mx-1.5\"\u003e\n\u003ch3 class=\"text-text-100 mt-2 -mb-1 text-base font-bold\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(255, 42, 0);\"\u003eImportant Notice\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(255, 42, 0);\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThis product is intended strictly for in vitro research and laboratory use only. Selank is not approved for human or veterinary use by the FDA or EMA. While Selank is approved as a pharmaceutical preparation in Russia, this research-grade product has not undergone the clinical evaluation required for therapeutic approval in Western regulatory jurisdictions. It is not a drug, supplement, or food product. This product must not be administered to humans or animals outside of appropriately approved and supervised research contexts. By purchasing this product, the buyer confirms they are a qualified researcher and will use the compound solely for lawful scientific research purposes.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"NEXYRALAB","offers":[{"title":"5mg","offer_id":59643105968462,"sku":null,"price":19.99,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true},{"title":"10mg","offer_id":59643106001230,"sku":null,"price":37.99,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1035\/3351\/0990\/files\/hf_20260512_172033_af218185-3334-4b48-a511-cee0e76f7bd4.png?v=1779451045"},{"product_id":"semax-peptide","title":"Semax Peptide","description":"\u003ch3 class=\"text-text-100 mt-2 -mb-1 text-base font-bold\"\u003eSemax | Met-Glu-His-Phe-Pro-Gly-Pro | Synthetic ACTH(4-7) Analogue | Research Peptide\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSequence:\u003c\/strong\u003e Met-Glu-His-Phe-Pro-Gly-Pro (MEHFPGP) \u003cstrong\u003eClassification:\u003c\/strong\u003e Synthetic heptapeptide — ACTH(4-7) analogue with C-terminal Pro-Gly-Pro extension \u003cstrong\u003eMolecular Formula:\u003c\/strong\u003e C₃₇H₅₁N₉O₁₀S \u003cstrong\u003eMolecular Weight:\u003c\/strong\u003e 813.93 g\/mol \u003cstrong\u003eKey Structural Features:\u003c\/strong\u003e ACTH(4-7) pharmacophore core (Met-Glu-His-Phe) + C-terminal Pro-Gly-Pro stabilising\/active extension \u003cstrong\u003ePurity:\u003c\/strong\u003e \u0026gt;99% (HPLC verified) \u003cstrong\u003eForm:\u003c\/strong\u003e Lyophilised powder \u003cstrong\u003eAvailable Sizes:\u003c\/strong\u003e 5mg | 10mg \u003cstrong\u003eStorage:\u003c\/strong\u003e –20°C, away from light and moisture \u003cstrong\u003eCAS Number:\u003c\/strong\u003e 80714-61-0\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003chr class=\"border-border-200 border-t-0.5 my-3 mx-1.5\"\u003e\n\u003ch3 class=\"text-text-100 mt-2 -mb-1 text-base font-bold\"\u003eWhat Is Semax?\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003eSemax is a synthetic heptapeptide (Met-Glu-His-Phe-Pro-Gly-Pro) developed at the Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Russian Academy of Sciences — the same institution responsible for Selank. It is an analogue of the ACTH(4-10) fragment of adrenocorticotropic hormone, specifically derived from the ACTH(4-7) core sequence (Met-Glu-His-Phe) — the minimal active fragment responsible for the cognitive and neuroprotective activity of ACTH — with a C-terminal Pro-Gly-Pro (PGP) tripeptide extension appended to enhance metabolic stability and, as subsequent research has revealed, to contribute independent pharmacological activity of its own.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003eEndogenous ACTH is a 39-amino acid pituitary hormone primarily known for its role in stimulating cortisol synthesis in the adrenal cortex. However, researchers beginning in the 1960s identified that the N-terminal fragment ACTH(4-10) exerted profound effects on learning, memory, and stress adaptation that were entirely independent of its adrenocortical actions. Semax was designed to isolate and enhance this CNS-active fragment — and to do so without the hormonal side effects of the full ACTH molecule. The critical design choice was the C-terminal PGP extension: Pro-Gly-Pro provides primary resistance to proteolytic degradation, extending the compound's half-life from the minutes range of native ACTH(4-7) to approximately several hours, enabling meaningful and sustained CNS activity following administration.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003eSemax has been registered as a pharmaceutical nasal spray preparation in Russia since 1996 and is approved for clinical use in the treatment of stroke, transient ischaemic attack, brain hypoxia, and cognitive disorders — making it, alongside Selank, one of the only research peptides in our catalogue with both a multi-decade research history and approved pharmaceutical status in any jurisdiction. It has not been evaluated by the FDA or EMA and remains an investigational compound in Western research contexts.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003eOur Semax is synthesised under rigorous quality-controlled manufacturing conditions, verified to a purity of greater than 99% by HPLC and Mass Spectrometry, and supplied as a lyophilised (freeze-dried) powder for maximum stability.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003chr class=\"border-border-200 border-t-0.5 my-3 mx-1.5\"\u003e\n\u003ch3 class=\"text-text-100 mt-2 -mb-1 text-base font-bold\"\u003eResearch Background \u0026amp; Scientific Interest\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003eSemax has accumulated over three decades of preclinical and clinical research since its development in the early 1990s, spanning cognitive neuroscience, neuroprotection, stroke biology, neuroimmunology, neurotrophic factor regulation, monoamine pharmacology, and opioid receptor biology. Its heptapeptide structure belies remarkable mechanistic breadth — operating simultaneously across BDNF\/TrkB signalling, dopaminergic and serotonergic neurotransmission, enkephalinase inhibition, and neurotrophin gene expression — making it one of the most mechanistically rich research peptides available.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBDNF \u0026amp; TrkB Upregulation — Core Nootropic Mechanism\u003c\/strong\u003e The most extensively characterised mechanism of Semax's nootropic and neuroprotective activity centres on its capacity to upregulate brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and its primary receptor TrkB in hippocampal and cortical tissue. In the landmark study published in Brain Research (Dolotov et al., 2006; PMID: 16996037), a single intranasal application of Semax at 50 μg\/kg in rats produced a maximal 1.4-fold increase in hippocampal BDNF protein levels, a 1.6-fold increase in TrkB tyrosine phosphorylation, a 3-fold increase in exon III BDNF mRNA, and a 2-fold increase in TrkB mRNA — effects observed within hours of a single administration. Semax-treated animals additionally showed a statistically significant increase in conditioned avoidance reactions — a validated measure of learning consolidation — leading the authors to conclude that Semax modulates cognitive function through activation of the hippocampal BDNF\/TrkB system.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003eThese BDNF effects have since been replicated and extended in multiple subsequent studies. Research has also documented Semax-induced upregulation of nerve growth factor (NGF) mRNA in both rat hippocampus and in glial cell cultures — suggesting that neurotrophin upregulation by Semax extends beyond the BDNF axis to encompass the broader neurotrophin family. BDNF and NGF are critical mediators of synaptic plasticity, long-term potentiation, neurogenesis, and neuronal survival — making their upregulation a mechanistically compelling basis for Semax's observed cognitive and neuroprotective effects across multiple experimental models.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThe PGP Tail: Active Pharmacological Component\u003c\/strong\u003e A growing body of evidence has established that the C-terminal Pro-Gly-Pro (PGP) tripeptide extension is not merely a metabolic stabiliser — it is an active pharmacological component with independent biological activity. Studies examining PGP alone have demonstrated that it activates neurotrophin transcription in ischaemic brain tissue, with effects documented in a 2024 PMC publication (PMC11498467) examining the transcriptional responses of BDNF, NGF, and TrkB genes following cerebral ischaemia. Both Semax and PGP activated expression of these neurotrophin genes in the ischaemic brain, with Semax producing the broader and more potent transcriptional response — consistent with synergistic contributions from both the ACTH(4-7) core and the PGP extension. This finding is significant for researchers seeking to understand Semax's mechanism at a molecular level: the compound functions as a bifunctional peptide, with distinct pharmacophore activity arising from both its N-terminal ACTH-derived core and its C-terminal PGP extension.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eReceptor Binding: Specific CNS Binding Sites\u003c\/strong\u003e Tritium-labelled Semax binding studies in rat basal forebrain have identified high-affinity, specific CNS binding sites with a KD of 2.4 ± 1.0 nM and a BMAX of 33.5 ± 7.9 fmol\/mg protein — pharmacological parameters consistent with a specifically acting compound at dedicated receptor sites rather than non-specific membrane interactions. The precise molecular identity of these binding sites remains under active investigation, but their characterisation has strengthened the mechanistic basis for Semax's CNS activity and supported its classification as a compound with defined receptor-level pharmacology rather than merely non-specific neuromodulatory effects.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMonoaminergic Neurotransmission: Dopaminergic \u0026amp; Serotonergic Systems\u003c\/strong\u003e Semax modulates the activity of multiple monoamine neurotransmitter systems with relevance to cognitive function, mood regulation, and stress resilience. Research has documented Semax-induced increases in dopamine and serotonin turnover in the rat frontal cortex and hippocampus, consistent with its observed effects on motivation, attention, and learning performance in preclinical models. Gene expression studies have identified Semax-induced changes in the expression of genes encoding dopamine and serotonin receptors, transporters, and metabolic enzymes — pointing to transcriptional as well as acute neurochemical mechanisms underlying its monoaminergic activity. The dopaminergic component is of particular research interest given dopamine's central role in prefrontal cortical executive function, working memory, and reward-driven learning.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAntidepressant-Like \u0026amp; Anti-stress Activity\u003c\/strong\u003e A 2024 study by Inozemtseva and colleagues published in the European Journal of Pharmacology evaluated Semax alongside its PGP fragment for antidepressant-like and antistress effects in a chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) model in male rats. Both Semax and PGP reduced immobility in the forced swim test and tail suspension test — validated measures of antidepressant-like activity — at statistically significant levels, with Semax producing effects comparable to or exceeding the PGP fragment alone across multiple behavioural measures. These findings add to a growing literature examining Semax in models of depression and anxiety, and complement earlier preclinical data demonstrating Semax's attenuation of stress-induced cognitive and behavioural deficits in rodent models of chronic stress.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStroke Neuroprotection \u0026amp; Ischaemia Research\u003c\/strong\u003e The clinical indication for which Semax holds Russian pharmaceutical approval — stroke and brain ischaemia — is supported by a substantial body of preclinical research. In rat and mouse models of focal cerebral ischaemia, Semax has consistently demonstrated reduction of infarct volume, attenuation of post-ischaemic neuroinflammatory gene expression, and improvement in neurological outcome measures. Research published in journals including the Journal of Neurochemistry and Brain Research has examined the molecular mechanisms underlying these effects — with Semax-induced upregulation of BDNF, NGF, and TrkB identified as key mediators of the observed neuroprotection, alongside modulation of the inflammatory cytokine cascade in peri-infarct brain tissue. The dual activation of neurotrophin transcription by both the ACTH(4-7) core and the PGP extension appears to contribute synergistically to these ischaemia-protective effects.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMu Opioid Receptor Deubiquitination — 2025 Findings\u003c\/strong\u003e A 2025 study by Liu and colleagues identified a novel mechanism for Semax: promotion of deubiquitination of mu opioid receptors (MORs), with consequent stabilisation of lysosomal membranes following spinal cord injury. This finding — published in 2025 and therefore representing some of the most current Semax mechanistic research available — suggests that Semax's neuroprotective activity extends into the opioid receptor system and intracellular membrane biology in ways not previously characterised. The lysosomal membrane stabilisation finding is of particular interest given the role of lysosomal dysfunction in neuronal apoptosis following mechanical CNS injury, and opens a new investigational axis for Semax in spinal cord injury research.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEnkephalinase Inhibition \u0026amp; Endogenous Opioid Modulation\u003c\/strong\u003e Like Selank, Semax has been found to inhibit enzymes responsible for degrading enkephalins — endogenous opioid pentapeptides with roles in pain modulation, stress response, and emotional regulation. By reducing enkephalin breakdown, Semax extends the activity of these endogenous regulatory peptides, contributing to its anti-stress and neuroprotective profile through the opioid system in parallel to its neurotrophic and monoaminergic mechanisms. This shared enkephalinase-inhibiting property is one of the mechanistic connections between Semax and Selank — and a consideration for researchers designing studies involving both compounds.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNeuroimmunology \u0026amp; Gene Expression Profiling\u003c\/strong\u003e Gene expression profiling studies using microarray and RNA sequencing approaches have revealed that Semax modulates the expression of hundreds of genes in rat hippocampal and cortical tissue — including genes involved in neuronal survival, synaptic signalling, inflammatory cascade regulation, and neurotransmitter metabolism. The breadth of this transcriptional footprint is unusual for a heptapeptide and has led researchers to characterise Semax as a broad-spectrum neuromodulator whose full mechanistic profile is still being elucidated. Neuroimmunological research has also examined Semax's effects on cytokine expression in the CNS, with data suggesting anti-neuroinflammatory activity consistent with its neuroprotective profile in ischaemia models.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003chr class=\"border-border-200 border-t-0.5 my-3 mx-1.5\"\u003e\n\u003ch3 class=\"text-text-100 mt-2 -mb-1 text-base font-bold\"\u003eSemax vs. Selank: Key Research Distinctions\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003eBoth Semax and Selank were developed at the same Russian institute and are approved pharmaceuticals in Russia, yet they have distinct and complementary mechanistic profiles that make them different research tools. Researchers frequently use both compounds together to achieve mechanistic coverage across overlapping but non-identical CNS pathways.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"overflow-x-auto w-full px-2 mb-6\"\u003e\n\u003ctable class=\"min-w-full border-collapse text-sm leading-[1.7] whitespace-normal\"\u003e\n\u003cthead class=\"text-left\"\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth scope=\"col\" class=\"text-text-100 border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/60 py-2 pr-4 align-top font-bold\"\u003eParameter\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003cth scope=\"col\" class=\"text-text-100 border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/60 py-2 pr-4 align-top font-bold\"\u003eSemax\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003cth scope=\"col\" class=\"text-text-100 border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/60 py-2 pr-4 align-top font-bold\"\u003eSelank\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\"\u003eStructural origin\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\"\u003eACTH(4-7) fragment\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\"\u003eTuftsin (immunopeptide)\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\"\u003eSequence\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\"\u003eMet-Glu-His-Phe-Pro-Gly-Pro\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\"\u003eThr-Lys-Pro-Arg-Pro-Gly-Pro\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\"\u003ePrimary CNS mechanism\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\"\u003eBDNF\/TrkB upregulation, dopaminergic modulation\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\"\u003eGABA-A positive allosteric modulation, serotonergic modulation\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\"\u003eNootropic profile\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\"\u003eCognitive enhancement, learning, attention\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\"\u003eAnxiolytic + cognitive (anti-stress)\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\"\u003eAnxiolytic activity\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\"\u003eModerate (via PGP\/antistress)\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\"\u003ePrimary activity\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\"\u003eNeuroprotection\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\"\u003eStrong (stroke models, BDNF\/NGF axis)\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\"\u003eModerate (anti-inflammatory)\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\"\u003eEnkephalinase inhibition\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\"\u003eYes\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\"\u003eYes\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\"\u003eBDNF upregulation\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\"\u003eStrong (3-fold mRNA increase)\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\"\u003eDocumented\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\"\u003eImmunomodulatory\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\"\u003eModerate\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\"\u003ePrimary (tuftsin-derived)\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\"\u003eRussian approval\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\"\u003eStroke, cognitive disorders\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\"\u003eAnxiety, neurasthenia\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003chr class=\"border-border-200 border-t-0.5 my-3 mx-1.5\"\u003e\n\u003ch3 class=\"text-text-100 mt-2 -mb-1 text-base font-bold\"\u003eProduct Specifications\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"overflow-x-auto w-full px-2 mb-6\"\u003e\n\u003ctable class=\"min-w-full border-collapse text-sm leading-[1.7] whitespace-normal\"\u003e\n\u003cthead class=\"text-left\"\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth scope=\"col\" class=\"text-text-100 border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/60 py-2 pr-4 align-top font-bold\"\u003eSpecification\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003cth scope=\"col\" class=\"text-text-100 border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/60 py-2 pr-4 align-top font-bold\"\u003eDetail\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\"\u003ePeptide\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\"\u003eSemax (Met-Glu-His-Phe-Pro-Gly-Pro)\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\"\u003eClassification\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\"\u003eSynthetic ACTH(4-7) analogue — heptapeptide\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\"\u003eMolecular Formula\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\"\u003eC₃₇H₅₁N₉O₁₀S\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\"\u003eMolecular Weight\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\"\u003e813.93 g\/mol\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\"\u003ePurity\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\"\u003e\u0026gt;99% (HPLC \u0026amp; MS verified)\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\"\u003eForm\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\"\u003eLyophilised powder\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\"\u003eVial Sizes\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\"\u003e5mg, 10mg\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\"\u003eAppearance\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\"\u003eWhite to off-white powder\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\"\u003eSolubility\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\"\u003eSoluble in sterile water or PBS\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\"\u003eStorage\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\"\u003e–20°C, keep away from light\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\"\u003eShelf Life\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\"\u003e24 months when stored correctly (lyophilised)\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\"\u003eCAS Number\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\"\u003e80714-61-0\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003chr class=\"border-border-200 border-t-0.5 my-3 mx-1.5\"\u003e\n\u003ch3 class=\"text-text-100 mt-2 -mb-1 text-base font-bold\"\u003eQuality \u0026amp; Purity Assurance\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003eEvery batch of our Semax undergoes a comprehensive multi-stage quality control process prior to release. Our assurance pipeline includes:\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul class=\"[li_\u0026amp;]:mb-0 [li_\u0026amp;]:mt-1 [li_\u0026amp;]:gap-1 [\u0026amp;:not(:last-child)_ul]:pb-1 [\u0026amp;:not(:last-child)_ol]:pb-1 list-disc flex flex-col gap-1 pl-8 mb-3\"\u003e\n\u003cli class=\"font-claude-response-body whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eHPLC Analysis\u003c\/strong\u003e — confirms peptide purity exceeding 99%\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli class=\"font-claude-response-body whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eMass Spectrometry (MS)\u003c\/strong\u003e — verifies molecular identity, correct ACTH(4-7) core sequence, and integrity of the C-terminal PGP extension\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli class=\"font-claude-response-body whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eEndotoxin Testing\u003c\/strong\u003e — ensures the product is free from bacterial endotoxins\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli class=\"font-claude-response-body whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eCertificate of Analysis (CoA)\u003c\/strong\u003e — available for every batch upon request\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003eFull batch traceability is maintained across synthesis, purification, and quality testing. The C-terminal PGP extension is an analytically critical feature of Semax that distinguishes it from the native ACTH(4-7) tetrapeptide — our MS verification process explicitly confirms its presence and integrity to ensure research-grade accuracy.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003chr class=\"border-border-200 border-t-0.5 my-3 mx-1.5\"\u003e\n\u003ch3 class=\"text-text-100 mt-2 -mb-1 text-base font-bold\"\u003eHandling \u0026amp; Reconstitution (Research Use)\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003eSemax lyophilised powder is readily soluble in sterile bacteriostatic water or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). Gently swirl to dissolve — do not vortex. Once reconstituted, aliquot immediately and store at –20°C or at 2–8°C for short-term use. Avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles to preserve peptide integrity.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003eNote that Semax, like Selank, is not orally bioavailable due to rapid degradation in the gastrointestinal tract. Preclinical research protocols have most commonly employed intranasal or intraperitoneal administration routes in animal models — a consideration that should be incorporated into experimental design, particularly for in vivo protocols. The intranasal route is relevant to the compound's approved clinical form in Russia and aligns with the majority of published preclinical literature.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003eAll handling should comply with standard laboratory safety protocols and applicable institutional or regulatory guidelines.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003chr class=\"border-border-200 border-t-0.5 my-3 mx-1.5\"\u003e\n\u003ch3 class=\"text-text-100 mt-2 -mb-1 text-base font-bold\"\u003eSemax Within the Research Peptide Catalogue\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003eSemax occupies a distinct and complementary position alongside Selank as the second dedicated CNS research peptide in our catalogue. Where Selank's primary research application is anxiolytic pharmacology via GABAergic modulation, Semax's primary research application is nootropic and neuroprotective neuroscience via BDNF\/TrkB upregulation, dopaminergic modulation, and stroke neuroprotection. Together they represent the two principal Russian neuropeptide research tools — with complementary mechanisms that make them frequently studied in combination.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003eWithin the broader catalogue, Semax's neurotrophin and neuromodulatory research applications provide a CNS-focused perspective that is mechanistically distinct from every other compound: the tissue repair biology of BPC-157 and TB-500, the extracellular matrix and genomic remodelling of GHK-Cu, the mitochondrial metabolism of MOTS-c, the triple hormonal agonism of retatrutide, the intracellular NAD+ biology of 5-Amino-1MQ, the endocrine axes of HGH, tesamorelin, CJC-1295 No DAC, ipamorelin, and HCG, and the GABAergic anxiolytic profile of Selank.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003eAll peptides are manufactured to the same \u0026gt;99% purity standard and supported by batch-specific Certificates of Analysis.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003chr class=\"border-border-200 border-t-0.5 my-3 mx-1.5\"\u003e\n\u003ch3 class=\"text-text-100 mt-2 -mb-1 text-base font-bold\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(255, 42, 0);\"\u003eImportant Notice\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(255, 42, 0);\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThis product is intended strictly for in vitro research and laboratory use only. Semax is not approved for human or veterinary use by the FDA or EMA. While Semax is registered as a pharmaceutical preparation in Russia for stroke and cognitive disorders, this research-grade product has not undergone the clinical evaluation required for therapeutic approval in Western regulatory jurisdictions. It is not a drug, supplement, or food product. This product must not be administered to humans or animals outside of appropriately approved and supervised research contexts. By purchasing this product, the buyer confirms they are a qualified researcher and will use the compound solely for lawful scientific research purposes.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"NEXYRALAB","offers":[{"title":"5mg","offer_id":59643106033998,"sku":null,"price":19.99,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true},{"title":"10mg","offer_id":59643106066766,"sku":null,"price":37.99,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1035\/3351\/0990\/files\/hf_20260512_150329_c1b48004-a226-4662-9ede-61f179990b8e.png?v=1779451048"}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1035\/3351\/0990\/collections\/hf_20260527_182105_00766675-80b6-4367-8754-cadda6680b8f.png?v=1780245152","url":"https:\/\/nexyralab.com\/collections\/cognitive-nootropic-research.oembed","provider":"Nexyralab.com","version":"1.0","type":"link"}